關於 mechanism同義 ，我們在網路上蒐集到這些相關的討論、資訊與評價

看見今天的事態發展，不禁令我想起一兩年前寫的文章….

早幾年，我已看到資本主義已開始步入盡頭。資本主義下的所謂自由經濟，造成「貧者愈貧，富者越富」的社會問題，當各個經濟板塊被資本家壟斷，底層通往上層的階梯斷裂，即意味著現行的資源分配機制需要調整，才能重回健康的循環。然而，這是一種既得利益者的取捨，對貪婪的資本家而言，這種取捨實在有如「切膚之痛」。

這種資源重新分配的機制最後往往要通過政府/政權去執行。然而，當一個充滿特色的社會主義政權用它的方式去管理一個實行自由經濟多年、極端資本主義特質入血的社會，使用極端性推倒重來的政策是預料之內。

其實每一種「制度」都有它的好處和壞處，「制度」決定了資源分配的方式，而資源分配講求平衡。任何一種「制度」實施得太久，制度下的既得利益者會慢慢將資源分配推向極端，繼而將「制度」迫向盡頭。這個時候，政府的角色是在「制度」運行的過程中盡量取得平衡，而非一刀切地執行另一種「制度」。

香港，在「無為」的政府下，「制度」很多年來都沒有平衡過，一直以來都是傾斜的，直到水一滴不剩的向下流乾才發現問題，今天才正視可能已經太遲。

《資本主義的盡頭》

//別以為樓市回調，受惠的一定是未買樓的小市民，這只是一廂情願的想法。短暫的樓價下跌，對大業主/有實力的投資者而言，只是純粹帳面上的損失，卻是他們增持有價值資產的入市良機；而小市民在失業率高企的陰霾下只會更沒條件、更不敢入市，甚至連部份有一兩層樓的中產、中小企老闆亦可能因為經濟壓力而被迫出售手中資產。

年輕時讀經濟，受張五常經濟理論影響，總是崇尚自由經濟，認為自由經濟下的價格機制（price mechanism)才是最有效率分配市場資源的遊戲規則，因為經濟理論告訴我只有「價高者得」的規則，才不會引致經濟浪費，即經濟學上所謂的「Deadweight loss」/ 「Economic inefficiency 」，資源才能最終分配到「最有價值」的人手上。

然而，經濟學中所謂最有「價值」的人只代表他是能出「最高價格」的人，並不代表他是「最有需要」的人。在完全自由市場主導的價格機制下，走到最後，所有資源最終都會落入最有錢的資本家手中。

一個發展中國家要發展，資本主義下的市場經濟絕對有效促進經濟增長，正如鄧小平所講「先讓一部份人富起來」。可是，當經濟發展到一定水平後，一個國家的長遠發展並不應該純粹追求經濟增長，而更應該投放更多資源於民生和教育。如果一個已發展國家的經濟增長，假設每年4%，當中的3.99%會落入資本家手，而大部份人只能去分那0.01%（正如倫敦、紐約、北上廣深以外城市的人均收入與一線城市之距離），這又有何意義？大部份人根本不能受惠國家經濟增長所帶來的好處，他們可能寧願拖慢經濟增長去換取更「平等」的資源分配。經濟以外，當權者/資本家為自身的利益著想，不應繼續極大化自己的利益，賺盡每一個銅板，置民生和社會問題之不理，因為當民粹主義抬頭，最後必然引致「物極必反」的結果，當社會「攬炒」發生，大家失去的將會更多。英國脫歐（Brexit）便是一實例。

如果我們能夠預視完全市場化的經濟模式走到最後的結果會是「所有資源都會落入最有錢的資本家手中」，那麼我們應該早就預視到貧富懸殊的嚴重及其所引起的社會問題，及早反思問題所在並改善，社會資源應該相對「平等」地重新分配，而不應只管「經濟效率」(Economic Efficiency)。

因此，我非常認同大發展商應更主動地捐出更多土地，用以興建更多公營房屋，以滿足市場需求。幫助別人，即是幫助自己。李嘉誠十億十億派的應急錢幫助中小企，從另一個角度，其實也就是幫助自己。試想一下，李嘉誠，香港就是「李家的城」，其集團系內業務遍及地產、零售、電訊、民生，總之香港人的衣食住行都關佢事。如果中小企、零售商倒閉潮發生，市民失業，消費能力大受影響，導致樓賣唔出，商場無人去，商鋪寫字樓無租收，無人去豐澤買電器，屈臣氏無生意，到頭來自己一樣會受到傷害。因此，先不論他本身對香港的感情，在商言商，香港鉅富要在香港「長治久安、千秋萬載」，求神拜佛都希望香港平平安安，香港死，佢重傷；反之，香港繁榮穩定，他比所有人都要賺得更多。因此，他比香港所有人更不想「攬炒」，更緊張香港的前途，這是再合理不過。區區數十億撐住香港，何足掛齒，另一方面，對他老人家來說，更贏得「發財立品」、拯救香港的名號，成功創造了「李嘉誠經濟圈」，反過來逆市下促進了市民於李嘉誠經濟圈消費，這算盤從商業角度都打得響。

當一個人發覺自己賺錢賺得越來越容易，越來越輕鬆之時，要思考一下究竟是誰造就自己的成功，而「他們」能夠生存嗎？如果「他們」是自己的成功因素，當「他們」都生存不了，自己安逸的日子還能長遠嗎？希望世界不會走進資本主義的盡頭。//

全文：

資本主義的盡頭
http://starnman84.blogspot.com/2020/02/blog-post_26.html?m=1

Polymorphic VT 多形性心室頻脈：判讀與治療
多形性心室頻脈 (VT) 是一種危急嚴重的心室頻脈，其QRS波型有不同變化，有些會自然終止（如果持續數秒以上會導致暈厥）或持續惡化為VF，從而導致心跳停止。

定義多形性VT 的病因非常重要，具有相似心電圖特徵，但卻是不同類型的心律不整，對不同形式的治療有各有不同反應。因此要先知道如何定義多形性VT 及其病因。多形性VT通常會導致心律不整，連續性VF發作，需要去顫電擊。在這種情況下，對於一種形式的多形性 VT 來說可以挽救生命的藥物可能對另一種形式是禁忌的。

診斷步驟：
第 1 步：心律不整與長QT症候群有關嗎？
長QT症候群引起的多形性VT
尖端扭轉型(Torsade de pointes)

Torsade de pointes（法語意思的“點扭轉”）是 Dessertenne 創造，描述完全性房室傳導阻滯引起的長QT症候群 (LQTS) 引起的多形性VT。
最初的描述是指具有“進行性改變的快速性心律不整” QRS 波群的形態、幅度和極性，其峰值圍繞等電基線扭曲。”正如其他地方所述，Dessertenne當時並沒有認識到長QT與他所描述的心律不整之間的因果關係。然而，“尖端扭轉性室速”很快被用於所有形式的 LQTS 相關快速性心律不整。

TdP的診斷
TdP的正確診斷基於以下幾點：
(1)存在一種先天性或後天性長 QT 症候群；
(2)竇性心律QT間期延長；
(3)具有特徵性的心律不整發作方式。

具體而言，應考慮長 QT 症候群的潛在原因列表（表）3,6-15，應通過計算心率校正(QTc)間期的概率性質(https://www.qtcalculator.org)。大多數TdP患者記錄心律不整時 QTc ≥ 500 ms。

TdP的發作由2個基本特徵決定：
(1) 心搏過速的心律不整的第一次跳動，表示在延長動作電位晚期達到觸發電位的早期去極化（因此，耦合間隔就在心律不整開始和第一次心律不整搏動之前的最後一個竇性複合波總是很長）在不同的研究顯示>450 ms或≥500 ms；
(2) 異常的QT無法適應心率的突然變化。因此，在竇性心率加速時，TdP開始發生(心搏過速-依賴型的TdP)，或更常見在心率減慢期間發生(暫停－依賴型的TdP)。

TdP緊急處置
TdP的緊急治療包括
1.停用任何延長QT間期的藥物，
2.維持血清鉀正常。
3.建議靜脈注射midazolam，因為任何壓力引起的交感神經張力升高都會導致心律不整。
4.靜脈注射MgSO4，緩慢靜脈推注 2 g硫酸鎂，可抑制扭轉的發作。鎂的作用通常是短暫的，因此靜脈注射鎂基本上是一種急救劑，直到採取額外的治療措施。只要避免高鎂血症（腎功能受損的患者），就可以重複進行。
5.亦有建議使用更有效的鈣離子阻斷劑，如Verapamil, 利用鎂阻斷鈣流入而抑制EAD。
6.對於LQTS而言，晚期鈉電流會引發心律不整。因此，Mexiletine一種特定的晚期鈉電流阻斷劑，可有效抑制先天性和後天型的LQTS TdP。
7.Lidocaine通常是用於治療任何心室心律不整的第一種藥物，但對治療TdP的療效知之甚少。利多卡因在體外阻斷晚期鈉電流，但其濃度可能需要超治療劑量。
8.頻脈－依賴型的TdP最好用高劑量的乙型阻斷劑治療。
9.通過心臟pacing或 Isoproterenol縮短停頓－依賴型TdP的停頓，是具有抗心律不整的效果。過度的頻脈可能會引起頻脈誘發的TdP，因此應將基本心率增加到最小速率，以防止出現停頓－依賴型的TdP。一旦經由有效的心臟pacing阻止了所有停頓，乙型阻斷劑也可以安全地用於停頓－依賴型的TdP。

第 2 步：與 LQTS 無關的心律不整：患者是否患有實質性心臟病？
無QT延長的多形性VT
無實質性心臟病的多形性VT

此類別包括患有基因疾病(短QT和Brugada症候群)和病因不明的疾病(有或沒有早期再極化的特發性VF)患者。這些實體疾病具有共同的重要特徵，包括發生心律不整風暴的趨勢，由異位搏動短的耦合間隔引起的覆發多形性VT。當其他抗心律不整藥物無效時，可改用Quinidine。

來自右心室出口的常見和良性特發性單形性VT ( RVOT-VT) 的患者很少發生危急嚴重的多形性VT。會引發心律不整的抗生素 azithromycin，卻很少引起多形性VT。

導致多形性VT的遺傳性通道病(Genetic Channelopathies)
Brugada症候群

Brugada 症候群最初被描述為：一種獨特的臨床和心電圖症候群，表現為右束支傳導阻滯、持續ST段升高和猝死。有趣的是，這3個特徵中沒有一個是普遍存在的。首先，尚不清楚右束支傳導阻滯模式是否代表所有患者的右束傳導阻滯。完全性右束支傳導阻滯的出現實際上可能掩蓋了 ST 段升高的診斷模式。其次，ST段升高：在那些患有 ST 段升高的人中，並非一直存在。因此不是真正持久的。儘管患有這種疾病的患者發生VF的風險增加，但現在看到的大多數患者在確診時都沒有症狀，而且許多患者在現在長達20年的追蹤期間仍然沒有心律不整。

Brugada 症候群診斷
有症狀的 Brugada 症候群的典型患者是成年男性，在休息時發生心跳停止，通常是在睡著時，並經常作為第一次發作之症狀。 Brugada 症候群的典型心律不整是由異位搏動觸發的多形性VT，具有短耦合間隔，但不像特發性VF那樣短。Fig 3B：來自植入式去顫器紀錄的自發性心律不整。關於 Brugada 症候群自發性多形性VT起源部位的訊息仍是不足。它被假定為 RVOT，但軼事性的證據並非總是如此（Fig 3C）。

Brugada 症候群之緊急治療
常規抗心律不整藥物治療Brugada 症候群中的 VF是無效的。但對靜脈注射isoproterenol和/或口服Quinidine是有反應的。這些藥物通過增加鈣電流(isoproterenol) 或阻斷瞬時鉀外向電流([ITo]Quinidine)來恢復再極化的均勻性。儘管尚未進行隨機研究，但證據足以推薦Isoproterenol和Quinidine作為 Brugada 症候群心律不整風暴的一線治療。

Quinidine並非在所有國家都可用。重要的是要確保醫院，尤其是心律不整轉診中心，會儲備Quinidine供應品，因為這種藥物在心律不整風暴期間可以挽救生命。靜脈注射Quinidine可用於治療瘧疾，並可用於VF風暴。Cilostazol和 Bepridil用於Quinidine不耐受患者。重要的是，對心律不整基質(被確定為異常、分割電位的區域)，施予射頻灼燒術(Radiofrequency ablation)，在使用經皮心外膜入路的右心室出口對覆發性VF的患者有效。

來自RVOT的特發性多形性 VT

RVOT是無實質性心臟病患者，發生良性心室心律不整最常見起源部位。患者出現VPC, 或salvos of non-sustained monomorphic VT(齊發非持續性單形性VT)相關的心悸。即使在持續單形性VT的情況下，可以忍受這種心律不整。

3% 的特發性 RVOT-VT 患者俱有多形性VT，但選擇偏差可能導致對該風險的高估。

RVOT的特發性多形性VT診斷
典型患者是其他方面健康的成年(39至45歲)，有6至10年的心悸病史，表現為危急嚴重的暈厥。大多數患者（不同系列中 56% 至 85% 的患者）是女性。竇性結構複合物是正常的。起始搏動具有心軸下移和 LBBB 模式，表示 RVOT 原點。多形性 VT 很快（平均週期為224至270毫秒，而特發性單形性VT為 330至 380毫秒）。

RVOT的特發性多形性VT之緊急治療
實際上，所有報告的特發性多形性 RVOT-VT 病例都進行了RVOT期外收縮的射頻灼燒術(Radiofrequency ablation)。因此，沒有關於這種形式的多形性 VT 對抗心律不整治療反應的數據。在停頓依賴性多形性 RVOT-VT 的情況下，80 次/分鐘的心房起搏已成功用於防止覆發，直到進行灼燒術。

Pseudo–Torsade de Pointes 的概念
大約 40% 的Purkinje相關多形性 VT 患者的 QT 間期很長，因為 QT 間期通常在心肌梗塞的癒合階段延長或因為他們在心律不整時接受Amiodarone治療 (Fig 6B) 。在這些患者中，多形性VT的開始依賴於停頓，可能導致對TdP的錯誤診斷。我們將這種情況稱為“假性TdP”，以強調由長QT引起的多形性VT（“真性TdP”）和儘管QT延長仍發生的多形性VT（假性TdP）之間的區別。TdP的 QT 間期較長（QTc，真性vs 假性：565±76 ms vs. 491±25 ms；P<0.001），但真和假性TdP的 QT之間存在相當大的重疊。 另一方面，假性TdP的耦合間隔比扭轉期間(torsade)短得多（360±38 ms vs. 600±173 ms）。即使 QT間期延長，≤400 ms 的偶合間期通常表明多形性VT 與LQTS無關。

緊急治療
靜脈注射Amiodarone可減少復甦期間復發性VT/VF (ACC/AHA guideline, 2017)。這些建議基於對院外心跳停止並有VF的研究，其中多形性 VT 不一定是初始心律不整。Purkinje相關的VT心律不整風暴通常對Amiodarone在內的常規抗心律不整藥物無效。緊急PCI很少有幫助：它通常表明急性梗塞，住院時植入的支架是通暢的。即使在非阻塞動脈中的狹窄病變植入支架，心律不整風暴通常會繼續發生。當前指引強調，當繞道手術後數日內發生多形性 VT 引起的心律不整風暴時，需要評估移植物通暢性。根據經驗，在繞道手術後不久發生多形性VT的患者中，<20% 的心律不整風暴對血管再通重建有反應。

Quinidine治療對其他藥物無效的患者非常有效。
Quinidine sulfate使用的劑量，口服 600 毫克，然後每3小時400毫克，直到心律不整風暴消退，然後每8小時400毫克。
Hydroquinidine的等效劑量為600毫克，然後每8小時300毫克，然後每12小時300毫克。
Quinidine治療的最佳持續時間仍未確定。
心律不整風暴代表一種短暫的現象，晚期復發很少見。
針對觸發VF的Purkinje fibers的射頻灼燒術治療可能可以挽救生命，並且最適用於可以在VF發作之間頻繁Purkinje fibers相關異位的患者。該手術很重要，因為如果延遲治療，會增加心因性休克和死亡率的風險。
胸硬膜外麻醉和心臟去交感神經支配術已被有效地用於選定的冠心病和藥物難治性多形性VT患者。

第 3 步：心律不整是否與運動有關？
運動誘發的多型性VT
Catecholamine敏感性多型性VT (CPVT, Catecholamine sensitive VT)

Catecholamine敏感性多型性VT (CPVT)用於患有應激性暈厥或心跳停止的兒童，這些兒童的基本心電圖正常，但在治療期間可重複誘發多形性和/或雙向 VT運動試驗。雙向 VT 與毛地黃中毒期間記錄相似。

CPVT診斷
CPVT 通常在兒童時期表現為暈厥或心跳停止，在情緒或醫生壓力下，如溺水或接近溺水的發作，成人較罕見，表現為與壓力無關的心跳停止。 除竇性心動過緩外，基本心電圖正常。雖然QT 是正常的，但對突然的心率變化和運動期間顯著的U波的異常QT反應都有清楚描述過。 對運動或isoproterenol輸注的反應是可重複的並且幾乎具有診斷性：隨著心率的增加，房性心律不整（包括心房顫動）和心室心律不整的嚴重程度從期外收縮到心室二聯(bigeminy)、多灶性期外、雙向 VT， 以及極少觸發VF的快速非持續性多形性 VT。

治療
在心律不整風暴期間，必須使用鎮靜劑以防止多形性VT立即重新再發。心律不整的長期預防包括最大耐受劑量的乙型阻斷劑，但多達30%的患者需要額外形式的治療，因為在後續運動測試期間，出現過症狀復發或顯著心律不整。IC 類藥物(flecainide or propafenone)通過阻斷 RYR2 鈣通道和鈉電流對CPVT非常有效。去心臟交感神經是一種有效的輔助治療。Verapamil已用於軼事案例。植入心臟去顫器可能挽救生命，但也可能導致心律不整。植入設備應只限於，已接受乙型阻斷劑（交感神經切除術）和flecainide全面治療的患者，並應仔細規劃並延長檢測時間以延遲激發電擊，直到觸發的多形性 VT（即休克難治性）惡化至電擊可終止的VF 。
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References:
1. Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia: Terminology, Mechanism, Diagnosis, and Emergency Therapy. Circulation. 2021;144:823–839
2. 2017 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: executive summary. Circulation. 2018; 138:e210–e271.
3. Determination and interpretation of the QT interval. Circulation. 2018; 138:2345–2358.

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精彩內容～～

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「地獄空」攝影集即將在八月中元節前出版，由知名設計師與攝影家黃子欽設計，內附在下二位高徒精美繪製符咒、心經版畫書籤、愣嚴咒牌、尊勝咒語...等，感恩十方大德助印，希望疫情退散，平安喜樂，後記如下：

野放台灣五十餘年，貪狼獨坐，三方四正殺破狼格局，少年多舛，白手起家，隨展覽雲遊四海，如閒雲野鶴常持各類底片機流連廢墟、山川、宮廟忘返，遂設幻影堂自詡堂主，一日三省「凡所有相皆是虛妄」，常宅於暗房沖片放大通宵、鍾情黑白世界之單純，彩色照片俗世繽紛花俏做作甜美甚至比現實更現實故少拍也。知天命之年有餘，了悟人生一瞬、眨眼即逝，雖非仙人，亦無道骨，初聞離垢地生清淨心，但離華嚴「不動地」尚遠，待修持也。
2017年盛暑拍畢《巨神連線》，心律不整差點心肌梗塞向閻羅王報到，意識死神隨伺在側，人生苦短，如何了生脫死、盡斷煩惱、無所罣礙、遠離顛倒……總不得解，蒙釋迦摩尼佛開示飆淚三晝夜，聞佛法數載始知自我渺如塵埃，甚感慚愧。閒暇乃參訪名寺古剎，禮敬焚香佛陀菩薩羅漢諸神天仙王爺媽娘，台灣宮廟千奇百怪、宗派錯綜複雜（佛教、道教、一貫道、天主教、基督教、齋教、回教＆大同教、儒教鑾堂、天帝教＆天德教、慈惠堂＆勝安宮、軒轅教、道院、理教、萬國道德會、會靈山……）、神棍橫行（依人不依法、偶像崇拜、斂財、邪淫），因歷史變遷、社會動盪、政治鬥爭、意識形態等因素導致佛道混雜，但地獄造景稀少，後專注拍攝各殿閻王、判官、陰司、獄卒、七爺、八爺乃至一切罪人，各寺造景巧妙、耐人尋味，意境乖張溢於言表，造型扭曲非常人所能塑也，然匠心獨運、自成一格，專研西方藝術數十載方知真誠樸拙最美，絲毫不輸喬托（Giotto di Bondone，1267～1337）乃至米開朗基羅（Michelangelo Di lodovico Buonarroti Simoni 1475 ~ 1564）矣。

創立於1986年的石門金剛宮風景優美可眺望北濱，雖主祀四面佛，儒釋道眾神尊也不含糊，可過七星橋解厄、繞行五百黝黑羅漢敲鑼印心、跪拜亞洲最大臥佛涅槃像，安太歲自不在話下，甲子太歲爺雙眼長出手掌印象甚深，1994年經閻羅王指示廟公建造一條肚內設極樂世界及陰曹地府之神龍，行走暗黑通道觸動感應機關，只見面容猙獰受刑者呼天搶地喊冤、身邊盡是血肉糢糊殘肢敗屍腦漿塗地，十殿閻羅各司其職、威儀攝人。新北市林口區青嶺湖北文紫祥宮包公廟則以壁面彩塑地獄浮雕獨步全台，粉嫩色彩搭配卡漫風格，尤為造型簡直恐怖到可愛透頂，該廟主祀森羅殿閻羅天子包拯（包青天），陽世冤屈者可至此參拜祭解，求破懸案者眾，逢中元普渡皆以紙紮船渡亡魂至彼岸，全台唯一閻羅天子巨像籌備中，四周環繞墓地，適合修不淨觀也。台灣首尊彰化八卦山大佛旁南天宮（1971）地府則是首座電動地府，規模精小但驚嚇度破表，略顯破敗但五光十色仍蠻凶悍，出自已故台南大道長金登富之作，而電動神明起始可追溯至1960年代北港朝天宮。倒是嘉義水上鄉白人牙膏觀光工廠「戴相府」、「將軍府」設置十殿地府出乎意料之外，乾淨亮麗、ㄧ殿ㄧ間、簡單樸實。由高雄蓮潭龍虎塔龍口入內可見全臺唯一交趾陶地獄牆面，尊尊栩栩如生，續入龍身乃進聞聲救苦白衣觀音大士三十三化身浮雕隧道，造型設色甚為古錐。高雄大岡山超峰寺入口處「西方三聖蓮池海會」（阿彌陀佛、觀世音菩薩、大勢至菩薩巨像）旁設靜態十殿閻羅（1970年代初），雖略為陳舊然韻味猶存，續往上行可抵「證菩提道－釋迦如來應化事迹」雕塑園區，一攬世尊畢生精華。如來年邁時，琉璃國王為報長期被釋迦族輕蔑之傲慢心，世尊雖三次單獨伽跌坐 阻擋大軍進攻之路，但因緣果報無法逆轉，昔日婢女所生王子瞋恨無以復加，還是滅了祖國。自持神通第一目犍連不忍無辜百姓慘遭屠殺，遂以缽盛救度五百族人，最終卻化為血水，佛言神通廣大仍不敵千百劫業力，因緣果報屢試不爽。其母死後墜入餓鬼道飢餓難耐，目犍連遂展神通救渡，但所食尚未入口皆化為赤火，佛陀囑咐農曆七月十五日僧眾解安居自恣日，於盆中設甘露美食供養十方僧眾，因此超度亡母。後世「盂蘭盆法會」乃至「水懺法會」、「瑜珈焰口法會 」皆為消業障、斷塵垢之超渡儀軌，既渡亡魂也自懺悔。

台南麻豆代天府規模宏大、造型豔麗，不但可遊十八層地獄尚可逛天堂（1979年興建，1983年開放)，燈光絢爛、聲響駭人，獨自漫步宛如觀落陰、地獄走一回。先過「心頭山」、入「清心池」、進「陰陽界」、抵「交簿廳」、達「鬼門關」、遊「補經所」、探「枉死城」、行「奈何橋」，至ㄧ殿泰廣王照「孽鏡台」現造惡原形，睹抱柱、火床等小地獄。二殿楚江王開「陰查簿 」判案定奪，觀糞尿泥、餓鬼、舞池、寒冰、膿血、鞭韃、舌犁、劍葉、戟腹拋接、砧截……等小地獄。三殿宋帝王刑罰為倒吊、銅鐵刮臉、挖眼、搗樁、倒烤、吸血、穿肋、抽筋、蛆蛀等小地獄……兼遊「四生（胎、卵、濕、化）回魂府」。四殿五官王掌管腰斬、拔舌、沸湯、刺嘴、剝皮、箭樹、車崩、射眼……等十六小地獄。隨五殿森羅王豋「望鄉臺」回眸親人最終眼後觀擊膝、誅心、刀山、飛刀火石……小地獄。六殿卞城王別稱「大叫喚大地獄」，轄火牛、虎啖、噬腎、鉗嘴含鍼、釘喉、磨摧、砍頭……等小地獄。七殿泰山王為「熱惱大地獄」，窺烙手指、抽腸、頂石蹲身、油釜滾烹、割舌穿腮……等十六小地獄。八殿都市王掌管「大熱惱大地獄」兼火狗、鐵汁、鐵蛇、鋸劈斷肢、釘板、灸脊、鐵丸、磅秤……等小地獄。九殿平等王直轄十八層「阿鼻大地獄」，直透地心、內中陰森、不見五指、滿溢地漿，皆為極犯，另轄紫赤毒蛇鑽孔、夾頂、鐵鴉、針雨、蜂蠍……等小地獄。至十殿輪轉王上「觀生臺」、「轉劫所八司」（查驗司 、稽善司 、考過司 、恩怨司 、壽命司 、支配司、掌劫司 、授生司）後至「孟婆亭」飲「醧忘湯」忘盡前塵往事，依前世功德過金、銀、玉、石、木、竹六種橋樑至「轉輪臺（紫河車）」入六道輪迴轉生投胎。據《十八泥犁經》記載，人過世後七七四十九天為「中陰生」，經閻羅王審判善惡業力判定去留或懲罰百千萬劫，犯五逆重罪則墮入「無間地獄（阿鼻地獄）」永劫不復。地藏王乃幽冥教主，統轄十殿閻羅，逢三曹普渡便在各殿設「講道所」超度尚存善根之鬼魂。

人類居於五趣（阿修羅、人、傍生、餓鬼、地獄）雜居地五濁惡世之堪忍世界，犯十惡業（殺生、偷盜、邪淫、妄語、兩舌、惡口、綺語、貪慾、嗔恚、愚痴）者必墮三趣惡道。如何出「三界」（欲界、色界、無色界）二十八天？凡人無此意識，別說能破「十二因緣」（無明、行、識、名色、六入、觸、受、愛、取、有、生、老死）還滅門，更別想斷除「四聖諦」（苦、集、滅、道）集地八十一品見惑與八十八使思惑（五利使-身見、邊見、邪見、見取見、戒禁取見、五鈍使-貪、瞋、癡、慢、疑），了悟「五蘊」（色、受、想、行、識）本空、「十二入」（眼、耳、鼻、舌、意、色、聲、香、味、觸、法）空、「十八界」空，破俱生我執與分別我執、法執甚至空執，生十一處「善心所」（信、精進、慚、愧、無貪、無瞋、無痴、輕安、不放逸、行捨、不害），降二十六處「惡心所」（貪、瞋、癡、慢、疑、惡見、忿、恨、覆、惱、嫉、慳、誑、諂、害、憍、無慚、無愧、掉舉、惛沉、不信、懈怠、放逸、失念、散亂、不正知），須知善根斷盡則陷永劫輪迴、無垠轉世之苦。

地獄可能空滅嗎？若地獄空乏人間多鬼怪，地獄淨空世間何嘗非淨土？若能證空性何處現地獄？

地獄曠古來便廣泛流傳各部族間，老死生滅為自然運行之基礎、宇宙意識之核心，然今文明昌盛如咱城邦並非慾望消弭之所，惡性所及實無可根除，礙於憲法國家法律社會軍隊企業公司學校家庭團體之層層束縛不亞於十八層，乃遁於壓抑、束己情懷，暗埋心底、日久貪嗔痴慢疑怨噌會疊穢。而六塵未熄，心多妄念，妖魔鬼怪魑魅魍魎孤魂閃靈出沒於荒郊乃至人間，會靈於曠野密林以增性靈乃出世高人修煉之舉，我等凡人擅闖宛如迪士尼般之人造地獄，三魂七魄尚不足以出竅，驚邪恐怖淒厲猙獰倒滿足了自以為是的慚愧，豈不謬哉？

病毒肆虐年半有餘，全球確診者逼近一億八千萬，枉死者近四百萬，堪比戰爭規模，望眾生發慈悲心、令往生者安息、善待其他物種、平等有情眾生。地獄本空，唯妄念生起一切羨慕嫉妒恨而地獄現前。盡以此書作為世界新冷戰獨裁者、超限戰者、暗網駭客、陰險狡猾冷嘲熱諷落井下石者之良知備忘錄矣。

姚瑞中寫於2021年端午節

Postscript

I have been living recklessly in Taiwan for more than fifty years. According to Zi Wei Dou Shu (Purple Star Astrology), Tan Lang is the sole star in my house of Self. This star, which represents xxx, forms an equilateral triangle with that star Qi Sha and Po Jun on the square chart and constitutes a Sha Po Lang pattern. The pattern indicates a kind of turbulence and change, a life of wandering with ups and downs and it tells a lot about my life. After my ill-fated youth, I started from scratch and traveled around the world with exhibitions that I participated. Like a flaneur, I wandered around ruins, nature, and temples with every type of film camera obliviously. Thus, I founded the Hall of Illusion and claimed to be the master of the hall. Several times a day, I pondered a quote from the Diamond Sutra, “Everything with form is unreal.” In addition, I usually stayed in the darkroom developing film and enlarging those negatives overnight. However, I treasured the simplicity of the black and white world. The earthly, gaudy, garish, phony and pleasing qualities within colored photos make the images even more realistic than the real world. It is not my cup of tea, so I seldom took colored photos. In Confucian thought, the age of fifty marks the stage knowing the mandate of Heaven. I am now at my fifties and realize how ephemeral human life is. However, I am not an immortal, nor having sagelike characteristics. I just learned that the stage of stainless (the second bhūmi) and develop a pure mind that is free from doubt and defilement. However, I’m still far from the immovable state and need to practice.

In the summer of 2017, after filming the work Incarnation, I experienced a severe heart rhythm problem which almost triggered myocardial infarction and could have killed me. Consequently, I realized that death was waiting for me and the life is too short to figure out how I can liberate myself from the cycle of Birth and Death. I couldn’t comprehend how to be free from all afflictions and worries and how to avoid delusive ideas. I wept for three days and nights after being enlightened by Shakyamuni Buddha. Up to the moment, I felt ashamed that I failed to realize that the self is as insignificant as dust after these years learning and practicing Buddhism. Since then, I have visited famous temples and monasteries in my spare time, worshiping Buddha, Bodhisattvas, arhats, and all the deities and immortals. Taiwan’s temples are myriad with a enormous number of sects, including Buddhism, Taoism, Yiguandao, Catholicism, Christianity, Chinese religions of fasting, Islam& Baháʼí Faith, Confucianism, Tiandiism& Tian-De Teachings, Xiwangmu cult, Yellow Emperor Sect, Precosmic Salvationism, Liism, World Wide Ethical Society, séance cult, etc. Some people even claim that they can mediate communication between the deities or spirits of the dead with human beings, having their believer rely on themselves instead of the orthodox dharma or dogma and pay excessive respect and admiration for the mediums or objects, accumulating wealth through such an unfair means or even harassing their believer sexually. Due to Taiwan’s historical changes, social turbulence, political struggles, and ideological issues, Buddhism and Taoism are somehow mixed. However, there are few emphases on the concept of the hell. As I took photographs of Yama of each court, judges, wardens of the underworld, jailers, General Fan and Hsieh (the ghost escorts) and all sinners, I found few temples cleverly created hellish scenes that are intriguing, exaggerating, and extraordinary. However, the creations are unparalleled unique. I have been studying Western arts for decades and then I came to realize that simplicity makes the most beautiful works of art. These hellish scenes can even compete with works of Giotto di Bondone (1267-1337) and Michelangelo Di lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (1475-1564).

Jingang Temple Shimen District, founded in 1986, overlooks the beautiful North shore. Although the temple is mainly dedicated to Phra Phrom (the Thai representation of Mahabrahma), spirits of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism can also be founded in the temple. The worshipper can go cross the Seven Star bridge to relieve bad luck, walk along the five hundred arhat statues and knock on the gong to affirm one’s Buddha nature. Furthermore, the worshipper can also prostrate themself before Asia’s largest statue of Buddha in Nirvana (the Reclining Buddha statue) and pacify the Taoist Tai Sui deity of the year. I was impressed by the Jia-Zi Tai Sui General that a pair of palms grow out of his eyes. In 1994, the biō-kong (the person taking charge of the temporal affairs of a temple) received a divine inspiration from Yama (the King of Hell) that he had to build a sacred hall in the shape of a divine dragon, with the interior designed according to the World of Ultimate Bliss and the Underworld. When the visitor walks in the dark hallway, they will see the tortured people (dioramas, of course) scrunching their faces and crying bitterly and loudly in excessive grief as the visitor triggers the mechanism. One will even find them in the midst of flesh, body liquid and blood, mutilated limbs, and rotten corpses. While each of the ten Yamas are focusing on their own duties, showing their sacred dignity that collect visitors’ attention. The Baogong Temple in Linkou District, New Taipei City exclusively features colorful depiction of hellish scenes in relief in Taiwan. With its pastel shades and cartoon-like style, the relief is both grotesque and adorable at the same time. This temple is dedicated to Bao Zhen (also known as Justice Bao) representing the incarnation of Yama. Living people who have been treated unjustly can come worshipping Bao Gong and receive exorcism. Therefore, many people come here for seeking to solve unsolved cases. In Zhongyuan Festival (the ghost festival), the temple will burn the Zhizha (paper craft) boat to ferry the ghosts to the other shore, which is the shore of enlightenment. The only giant statue of Yama in Taiwan is still in the making. The temple is surrounded by a cemetery, suitable for meditating on the loathsomeness and impurity. Nantian Temple (1971), located next to the Eight Trigram Mountains Buddha in Changhua, features the first animatronic underworld. Despite the small size, the animatronic underworld is intensely shocking. Though it’s slightly worn, the colorful dioramas are still brutally ferocious. The creator was the late venerable Dao Zhang (Taoist priest) Jing Deng-fu while the origin of animatronic deities can be traced back to the 1960s Beigang Chaotian Temple. On the contrary, the Whiteman Toothpaste Tourism Factory in Shuishang Township, Chiayi, features ten Yamas with individual booth. The place is unexpectedly clean and polished yet keeps a simple and modest tone. Then, the Dragon Pagoda of the Dragon and Tiger Pagodas at Lotus Lake in Zuoying, Kaohsiung, holds the only relief of hellish scenes made of Kochin ceramic. All the figures are vivid and life-like. If one goes further into the pagoda, they will see a relief tunnel of the thirty-three incarnations of the white-robed form of Guanyin (Avalokiteśvara) on a white lotus, with a lovely and interesting design. Another Hall of Yama is built in the 1970s next to the entrance of Dagangshan Chaofeng Temple, located in the Alian District of Kaohsiung. Visitors will also see three statues of the Three Holy Ones of the Western Pureland (Amitābha, Avalokiteśvara, Mahāsthāmaprāpta) which assemble at a lotus pond. Although the hellish scene looks somewhat antiquated, you may still find its previous charm. If one goes further, they will reach the sculptural garden of “Attaining the Bodhi Way: the Incarnation of Sakyamuni Buddha,” where the visitor can see the essence of Bhagavato’s (meaning the Blessed one, one of the common epithets for Buddha) life. When Tathāgata (another epithet for Buddha) was old, the king of Kosala wanted to avenge the arrogance of the tribe of Shakyas who had long despised him, regarding him as a son of a maiden. Although Buddha has sat in lotus position alone three times to stop the army from attacking his tribe. However, one can never reverse the cause and following karma. The prince born of a maiden was so furious that he eventually destroyed his homeland. Maudgalyāyana (one of the Buddha’s closest disciples), who is said to have had supernatural abilities that surpassed the other disciples, could not bear to see the slaughter of innocent people. Thus, he saved five hundred people of his tribe with a pātra (an eating utensil of Buddhist monks). Unfortunately, everything he did was in vain, those who were saved eventually turned into a puddle of blood. The Buddha said that the supernatural abilities cannot surpass the power of karma. The cause and effect work all the time. When Maudgalyāyana’s mother fell into the path of hungry ghost, he used his supernatural abilities to save his mother from hunger. However, all the food turned into fire before being fed to his mother. Later, the Buddha commanded the monks to put nectar and dishes in a basin on the 15th day of the seventh month in the lunar calendar for the monks from all directions to free his mother from reincarnation. In later times, the Ullambana Dharma Service, the Compassionate Samadhi Water Repentance, and the Yoga Collection for Feeding the Searing Mouths Dharma Service are rituals to eliminate karmic hindrance and to cease to worldly delusions. Through such practices, one can free the dead as well as confess their repentance.

Madou Daitian Temple is a magnificent and colorful temple in Tainan. Not only can the worshippers visit the eighteen levels of Hell but also the Heaven (it was built in 1979 and inaugurated in 1983) here. The lighting and sound effects are stunning and frightening. When walking alone in the space, one may feel like taking a Guan Luo Yin trip (a Taoist necromancy which leads people’s spirits to hell and communicate with the dead ones) to visit the underworld prison. Before arriving the first court of the underworld, the visitor will walk through the Mountain of Heart Summit, the Pure Heart Pond, the Frontier between the Living and the Dead Realms, the Soul Registry Hall, the Portico of Demons, the Center for Complementary Teaching of Canonical Books, the Citadel of Premature Death, and the Bridge of Vanity. When one arrives at the first court, they will see King Chin-guang, who is in charge of the court, using the Mirror of Retribution to show the earthly form of evil creatures and also witness the sub-hell of Pillar-Holding and Fire Bed, etc. At the second court, King Chu-jiang collates the register of sins the souls of the dead have committed to impose the punishments. Here, you will see the sub-hell of Excrement and Urine, Hungry Ghost, Burning Dance Floor, Ice, Pus and Blood, Whipping, Tongue-Raking, Sword Blade, Stomach-Piercing, Chopping, etc. Next, the dead at the third court, ruled by King Song-di, will receive the punishments including inversion tortures, face-skinning with steel and copper knife, eye-wrenching, pounding, blood-sucking, rib-piercing, roasting, tendon-taking, being eaten by maggots. The visitor can pay a visit to the Palace of Soul-Resuscitation for the Four Forms of Creatures (birth from an egg, birth from a womb, birth from moisture, and birth by transformation). King Wu-guan is in charge of the fourth court. There are sixteen sub-hells at the fourth court including Waist Chop, Tongue Removal, Boiling Pond, Mouth-stabbing, Skin-peeling, Sword Tree, Burning Wheels and Cart, Eye-shooting, etc. Next, at the fifth court, sinful souls are allowed to ascend the Tower of Hometown-Viewing to take a final look of their family. The visitor will witness sub-hells of Knee-striking, Heart-slicing, Blade Mountain, Flying Swords and Burning Stones, etc. The King of Bian City takes charge of the sixth court, which is also known as the “Great Hell of Screaming,” with sub-hells including Fire Cattle, Tiger-Biting, Kidney-Eating, Mouth-Poking, Throat-Nailing, Iron Mill, Decapitation, etc. The King of Tai-shan is in charge of the seventh court, the “Great Hell of Heat and Fire.” The sixteen sub-hells at this court include Finger-Searing, Bowel-Hauling, Stone-Bearing, Boiling Oil, Tongue-Removal and Cheek-Piercing, etc. Next, the King Du-shi is in charge of the eighth court, the “Great Hell of Intense Fire and Heat,” and the sub-hells including Fire Dogs, Molten Iron, Iron Snakes, Dismemberment, Steel Spikes, Burning-Marrow, Iron Ball, Scale, etc. The ninth court is ruled by the King Ping-deng. It is known as the biggest court, Avici Hell (the Hell of Incessant Suffering), which if the lowest level of the hell realm and the interior is gloomily and terrifyingly dark. Those who committed the most serious evil deed will be sent to the Avici Hell. Sub-hells such as Poisonous Snake, Brain-Removal, Crow-Gnawing, Raining Needles, Wasps and Scorpions are included at this court. After arriving the tenth court, ruled by the Great King of the Reincarnation Palace, one can visit the “Observatory of Life on earth” and the “eight bureaus of the Reincarnation Palace” (including the Bureau of Judicial Control, the Bureau of Good-Actions, the Bureau of Bad-Actions, the Bureau of Debts, Gratitude, and Vengeance, the Bureau of Longevity and Destiny, the Bureau of Familial Ties, the Bureau of the Reincarnated, and the Bureau of Birth). The sinful one will be sent to the Pavilion of Mengpo and made to drink the Soup of Forgetfulness to forget all past affairs. According to the sinful one’s merits of previous life, they will go across one of the six bridges (gold, silver, jade, stone, wood, bamboo) to the “Reincarnation-Wheel (Wheel on the Crimson River).” Finally, one is able to reborn in the six realms. According to the Aṣṭadaśa nāraka sutra ( the Eighteen Hells Sutra), after one passes away, they will enter an intermediate and transitional state between death and rebirth, known as antarābhava in Sanskrit, for forty-nine days. The being will be evaluated by Yama, who will decide if one should get reborn or get punished at the hell. Those who committed the Five Grave Offenses (killing one’s father, killing one’s mother, killing an Arhat, shedding the blood of a Buddha, and creating a schism within the community of Buddhist monks and nun who practice for attaining enlightenment.) will be sent to the Avici Hell and stay there eternally. Kṣitigarbha is the Lord of the Nether World, ruling the ten court of Hell. The lord will set up the “Hall of Teaching” at each court to salvage those sinful ones who still obtain few merits at the offering rituals.

Human beings live the Sahā world (sahāloka in Sanskrit, meaning “endurance of suffering,” a concept of mundane world in Mahāyāna Buddhism) where they share with other reincarnations (including beings of the hells, of the preta, and of malevolent nature spirits) with five turbidities (the Kalpa turbidity, the view turbidity, the affliction turbidity, the living beings turbidity, and the life turbidity). Those who commit the ten evil deeds (killing, stealing, adultery, lying, using immoral language, slandering, equivocating, coveting, anger, and false views) must fall into the three evil paths (animals, preta, and hell). However, how can one escape from the three realms/ twenty-eight heavens (including the six heavens of the desire realm, the eighteen heavens of the form realm, and the four heavens of the formless realm)? Worldly people who don’t have such an awareness cannot leave the cycle of the twelve nidanas (meaning causes or motivations), let alone eliminate the eighty-one afflictions (that have been produced due to misunderstanding regarding reality) and the eighty-eight illusions (including five afflictions of advanced practitioners, also known as five views: view of self, extreme view, evil view, view of attachment to views, and view of morality; and five unintelligent temptations: desire, anger, stupidity, arrogance, and doubt) of thought within the three realms and four Arya satyas (noble truths, including suffering, arising, ending, and path). They cannot realize that the essence of the five skandhas (referring to aggregates of clinging, including the matter of form, sensation, recognition, mental formation, and consciousness) , the twelve ayatana (meaning sense base, including six internal bases: eye, ear, nose, tongue, body, and mind and six external bases: visible objects, sound, odor, taste, touch, and mental objects), and the eighteen dhātavah (meaning compositional elements of human existence, including six consciousness, six faculties, and their objects) are the emptiness and the void. Furthermore, they cannot dispel the two reasons for clinging to the idea of the self and the attachment to elemental constructs and even believe in the two (false) tenets that that karma and nirvana are not real and that the ego and phenomena are real. As a consequence, they fail to develop the eleven wholesome mental factors (faith, energy, conscience, being ashamed, non-attachment, non-aggression, non-delusion, calmness, equanimity, conscientiousness, and non-injuriousness) and cease the sixteen unwholesome mental factors (desire, greed, anger, delusion, arrogance, doubt, wrong view, wrath, enmity, hypocrisy, vexation, jealousy, parsimony, deceit, flattery, harming, ambitiousness, stupidity, lacking of faith, idleness, being unrestrained, forgetting, distraction, non-discernment, ). One must bear in mind that once all our virtuous roots are discontinued, they will be trapped in the never-ending reincarnation and the suffering of infinite continuity.
Is it possible that the hell will be empty one day? If the beings in hell will become extinct while evil spirits inhabit the mundane world, the world could be considered as a pure land. If we could witness the nature of the void, then hell will exist no more.
Since ancient times, the concept of hell has been widely spread among all tribes. Aging, death, beginning, and end are the basis of nature and the core of cosmic consciousness. However, the prosperous civilization as our island is not a place where desire can be eliminated. It’s impossible to eradicate evil nature. Since fetters brought by the constitution, the state, the law, society, the military, corporations, schools, families, and groups are not less than the eighteen levels of hell, the mortals repress themselves, bury their feelings. Day after day, greed, anger, stupidity, arrogance, doubt, and resentment are stacking. However, since the six dust (visible objects, sound, odor, taste, touch, and mental objects) has not yet been extinguished, people in the mundane world are still full of delusions. The demons, devils, evil spirits, and the wondering dead exist in the wilderness, while only advanced practitioners with transcendent would attempt to make contact with the dead in the wasteland and forest. Worldly people like us trespass in Disneyland-like man-made hell. It is absurd and ridiculous that the hellish scenes cannot stop us from perpetrating evil deeds, but the horrific and cruel scenes yet satisfy our self-righteous shame.

The pandemic has been boiling over for more than a year and a half. The number of infected patients worldwide is nearly a hundred and eighty million, and the death toll has risen to four million, which is equivalent to a war crisis. I hope that we can all be compassionate, give peace to the dead, treat all sentient beings well and equally. The hell is innately empty; however, deluded and misleading thoughts would give rise to all jealousy and hatred and then manifest the hell before us. This book merely serves as a memorandum of conscience for dictators of the world’s new cold war, supporters of unrestrained warfare, dark web hackers, and those who are cunning and contemptuous and maltreat others when knowing they have problems.

June 2021,

Yao Jui-chung

ヤマハ・パッソルは、ヤマハ発動機が1977年に発売を開始したスクーター。排気量区分では原動機付自転車。

概要

* エンジン：強制空冷単気筒2サイクルエンジン、排気量49cc、最高出力2.3馬力
* 車重：45kg
* 変速機：自動変速
* クラッチ：自動遠心クラッチ
* ブレーキ：前後機械式ドラムブレーキ

背景

前年、ホンダが、自転車をベースにしたレジャーバイク、ロードパルを発売。思い切った低価格、ソフィア・ローレンを起用したテレビコマーシャルを武器に販売攻勢を強めた。その対抗車種としてヤマハ側が用意したスクーターがパッソルである。

女性がスカートを履いても乗れるというコンセプトの下、より親しみやすさに重点をおいた商品設計がなされており、平滑なステップ面を設け足を揃えて乗れるスルーステップなどを実現している。テレビコマーシャルには、庶民的なイメージを持つ八千草薫を起用し大ヒットにつなげた。
パッソルの存在意義

部品のユニット化、プラスティック素材の多用による製造工程の簡略化は、車重とコストの軽減にも大きく貢献し、メカニズムやスタイルは以後、日本で造られるスクーターの原型となった。同種のスクーターとして、イタリアピアジオ社が製造するベスパの存在があったが、価格差が5倍近くあり日本では競争相手に成り得なかった。

動力性能はカタログデータの最高速で45km/hと貧弱であったが、過剰な性能や高価な車体を要求しない割り切った顧客層にはむしろ歓迎された。
後継車種

コンセプトは、そのままに1982年10月にパッソルⅡが発売された。この頃には、スクーターのラインナップが充実しており、最も安価なボトムライン的な車種として設定されることとなったが、駆動系にVベルトを採用するなどの改良が施されている。しかし、動力性能の欠如は如何ともし難く上級車種と統合され消滅した。
Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd. Passol is a scooter by which YAMAHA MOTOR began putting on the market in 1977.
It is a bicycle in the displacement division with the motor.

Outline

* Engine: Compulsion air cooling single cylinder two-cycle engine, displacement 49
cc, and max power 2.3 horsepower
* ..car.. heavily: 45kg
* Gear-change: Automatic changing the speed
* Clutch: Automatic centrifugal clutch
* The brake: Machine type drum brake before and after.

Background

HONDA puts the leisure motorcycle and Rordopal based on the bicycle on the market in the previous year. The sales offensive was strengthened with TV commercial as the weapon that appointed a drastic low price and Sophia Loren. The scooter that Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd. prepared as the opposition model is Passol.

It designs the commodity of the priority, and Slustepp etc. to be able to get on by arranging installing a smooth step side and the foot have been achieved more friendly though the woman wears a skirt ..under the concept that it is possible to get on... In TV commercial, eight various herbs Kaoru who had a popular image was appointed and it tied to the smash hit.
Significance of existence of Passol

The simplification of the manufacturing process by busy of making of parts and a unit a plastic material greatly contributed also to the reduction of car heavy cost, and the mechanism and the style became prototypes of the scooter made in Japan thereafter. It is not possible that there were about five time price difference in the rival in Japan though the existence of the Vespa that the Itariapiageo Co. manufactures was the same kind of scooter.

The power performance was welcomed at maximum speed with 45 km/h by range of customers practical that neither an excessive performance nor an expensive body were demanded about the catalog data though was poor.
Succession model

Is the concept Passol in October, 1982 as it is?U was put on the market. The lineup of the scooter is enhanced recently, the improvement of the adoption of V belt for driving system etc. is given though it came to be set as a model the bottom line the cheapest. It was not easy to light it very, and however, the lack of the power performance was integrated and disappeared with the class model.

我們平常接觸的有關朝鮮的訊息是怎麼來的呢？可以看看這紀錄片： https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eclCfjP7hLM

關於朝鮮戰爭內幕： https://bit.ly/2I9WzU3

臉書專頁： https://www.facebook.com/ComradeXiangyu
專訪： https://blow.streetvoice.com/41873

編曲： Ransom-Notes https://soundcloud.com/ransom-notes
作詞、混音：鍾翔宇
母帶後期製作工程： Glenn Schick


Follow Xiangyu on Twitter https://instagram.com/notXiangyu
Follow Ransom-Notes on Twitter https://twitter.com/ransom1992

有些人會說：「如果朝鮮不是獨裁國家的話，為什麼不給外國旅客自由行呢？為什麼大部分電腦都沒連上境外的互聯網呢？」我希望那些人從不同的角度來思考這些問題。二戰期間的同盟國會開放自己的國家給德國、意大利和日本觀光客自由行嗎？別忘了，朝鮮戰爭只有停火，沒有停戰。

假如互聯網是在 1930 年代的德國發明的，而非 20 世紀下半葉的美國，而德國情報機構能暗中監督和控制一切連上該網路的任何設備（正如斯諾登透露美國國安局所做的那樣），同盟國會讓一般老百姓連上同個互聯網嗎？還是他們會跟朝鮮一樣建設自己的網路？

朝鮮是個小國家。雖然它從 1953 年一直呼籲正式停戰，但它從 1950 年到現在一直與大部分西方國家處於戰爭狀態。只要戰爭狀態不變，這些政策不是「反自由」的，而是任何理性的政府（無論是資本主義國家還是社會主義國家）會施行的防禦性措施。



誰是朋友？誰是敵人？
Who are our friends? Who are our enemies?

我們能否 追究這個問題而不自欺欺人
Can we look into this question without lying to ourselves?

誰的盟友？誰的利潤？
Whose allies? Whose profits?

是誰激於義憤而爭鬥和犧牲
Whose struggle and sacrifice are stirred by righteous indignation?


1.
饒舌的激進份子 被說是憤世
The radical rapper is said to be cynical.

我只想引人深思 和去偽存實
I just want to get people to think, cast aside falsities, and retain the truths,

因為從小到大有太多虛偽人士
because througout our lives, too many hypocrites

灌輸錯誤認識 使人愚昧無知
have instilled false understandings, causing us to ignorantly

地無視 顯而易見 的壓迫和暴行
disregard the clearly visible oppression and atrocities,

使人固執己見 而失去批判思考力
causing us to stubbornly cling to our own opinions and lose our ability to think critically.

一旦遇到陌生的意見 認知就失調
When we encounter unfamiliar opinions, we experience cognitive dissonance.

變本加厲地延伸原本的錯誤視角
Doubling down on our mistaken views

成為了心理防禦機制 也使我們無意識地
has become a psychological defense mechanism which causes us to unknowingly

成為壓迫自己的體制的棋子
become pawns of the system that oppresses us

即使我們自以為自己是正義的義士
although we think of ourselves as just and morally courageous people,

但其實是我們迷失於斷章取義的歷史
it is actually us who are lost in deliberately misinterpreted history.

而敵視 並歧視 被壓迫的各國人民
We vilify and discriminate against the oppressed peoples of all countries;

自以為仁義 卻把壓迫者 奉若神明
we think we are righteous, yet we deify the oppressors.

不分明侵略和防禦只要求無條件的和平
We don't differentiate between aggression and defense, we simply ask for unprincipled peace,

得到奴隸主的肯定不過不被他們尊敬
gaining the approval of slave masters but not their respect.


2.
監禁率最高的國家被當作自由象徵
The country with the highest incarceration rate is considered to be a symbol of freedom;

最常推翻民選政府的它被當作摯友良朋
we call it our friend as it leads in overthrowing democratically elected governments.

我們只有盲人摸象般稱頌或貶斥
We make praises and criticisms based on conclusions made from bad information,

偏執地不檢視騙子掩飾的現實
stubbornly refusing to investigate the truths hidden by liars.

別人飢餓 我們說是領導人無人性
When others starve, we say their leaders are devoid of humanity

卻不記得制裁的目的 是經過餓死人民
while failing to remember that the goal of sanctions is to sabotage stability

破壞穩定 以迫使 革命群眾 放棄革命
through starvation in order to extort the revolutionary masses into giving up revolution.

如果這不是恐怖主義 那麼你的定義可能有問題
If this isn't terrorism, then your definition might be flawed.

我問你 唯一動用核武器的到底是誰？
I ask you, who is the only one to have used nuclear weapons?

為何朝鮮發展核武就被認為是罪？
Why is it considered a crime when (DPR) Korea develops nukes?

誰的奴性思維被支配得顛倒是非
Whose slave mentality's been been dominated to the point where right and wrong are inverted,

使我們把自衛視為威脅 把威脅視為慈悲？
having us believe defense is threatening and threats are benevolent?

是誰不知不覺地在重複戈培爾所起草
Who unknowingly repeats lies written by Goebbels

的流言蜚語的同時說別人被洗腦
while at the same time calling others brainwashed,

並對用著堅如鐵的毅力英勇地起義
while unreasonably being hostile towards those who use their iron-firm willpower

驅逐侵略者的人民無理地壞有敵意？
to heroically drive out aggressors through rebellion?

#朝鮮 #DPRK #Korea

ヤマハ・パッソルは、ヤマハ発動機が1977年に発売を開始したスクーター。排気量区分では原動機付自転車。

概要

* エンジン：強制空冷単気筒2サイクルエンジン、排気量49cc、最高出力2.3馬力
* 車重：45kg
* 変速機：自動変速
* クラッチ：自動遠心クラッチ
* ブレーキ：前後機械式ドラムブレーキ

背景

前年、ホンダが、自転車をベースにしたレジャーバイク、ロードパルを発売。思い切った低価格、ソフィア・ローレンを起用したテレビコマーシャルを武器に販売攻勢を強めた。その対抗車種としてヤマハ側が用意したスクーターがパッソルである。

女性がスカートを履いても乗れるというコンセプトの下、より親しみやすさに重点をおいた商品設計がなされており、平滑なステップ面を設け足を揃えて乗れるスルーステップなどを実現している。テレビコマーシャルには、庶民的なイメージを持つ八千草薫を起用し大ヒットにつなげた。
パッソルの存在意義

部品のユニット化、プラスティック素材の多用による製造工程の簡略化は、車重とコストの軽減にも大きく貢献し、メカニズムやスタイルは以後、日本で造られるスクーターの原型となった。同種のスクーターとして、イタリアピアジオ社が製造するベスパの存在があったが、価格差が5倍近くあり日本では競争相手に成り得なかった。

動力性能はカタログデータの最高速で45km/hと貧弱であったが、過剰な性能や高価な車体を要求しない割り切った顧客層にはむしろ歓迎された。
後継車種

コンセプトは、そのままに1982年10月にパッソルⅡが発売された。この頃には、スクーターのラインナップが充実しており、最も安価なボトムライン的な車種として設定されることとなったが、駆動系にVベルトを採用するなどの改良が施されている。しかし、動力性能の欠如は如何ともし難く上級車種と統合され消滅した。
Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd. Passol is a scooter by which YAMAHA MOTOR began putting on the market in 1977.
It is a bicycle in the displacement division with the motor.

Outline

* Engine: Compulsion air cooling single cylinder two-cycle engine, displacement 49
cc, and max power 2.3 horsepower
* ..car.. heavily: 45kg
* Gear-change: Automatic changing the speed
* Clutch: Automatic centrifugal clutch
* The brake: Machine type drum brake before and after.

Background

HONDA puts the leisure motorcycle and Rordopal based on the bicycle on the market in the previous year. The sales offensive was strengthened with TV commercial as the weapon that appointed a drastic low price and Sophia Loren. The scooter that Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd. prepared as the opposition model is Passol.

It designs the commodity of the priority, and Slustepp etc. to be able to get on by arranging installing a smooth step side and the foot have been achieved more friendly though the woman wears a skirt ..under the concept that it is possible to get on... In TV commercial, eight various herbs Kaoru who had a popular image was appointed and it tied to the smash hit.
Significance of existence of Passol

The simplification of the manufacturing process by busy of making of parts and a unit a plastic material greatly contributed also to the reduction of car heavy cost, and the mechanism and the style became prototypes of the scooter made in Japan thereafter. It is not possible that there were about five time price difference in the rival in Japan though the existence of the Vespa that the Itariapiageo Co. manufactures was the same kind of scooter.

The power performance was welcomed at maximum speed with 45 km/h by range of customers practical that neither an excessive performance nor an expensive body were demanded about the catalog data though was poor.
Succession model

Is the concept Passol in October, 1982 as it is?U was put on the market. The lineup of the scooter is enhanced recently, the improvement of the adoption of V belt for driving system etc. is given though it came to be set as a model the bottom line the cheapest. It was not easy to light it very, and however, the lack of the power performance was integrated and disappeared with the class model.