「Epidemiologic and Clinical Characteristics of Novel Coronavirus Infections Involving 13 Patients Outside Wuhan, China(2020/02/07)+中文摘要轉譯」
➥中文摘要轉譯：
截至2/4日，北京報告13例，大多為年輕健康人。症狀輕微且無人死亡。與過去報導一致，健康人感染後預後較佳。
註：初期流行病學易有偏誤，不可推估大流行時狀況。(財團法人國家衛生研究院-郭書辰醫師整理)
➥In December 2019, cases of pneumonia appeared in Wuhan, China. The etiology of these infections was a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV),1,2 possibly connected to zoonotic or environmental exposure from the seafood market in Wuhan. Human-to-human transmission has accounted for most of the infections, including among health care workers.3,4 The virus has spread to different parts of China and at least 26 other countries.1 A high number of men have been infected, and the reported mortality rate has been approximately 2%, which is lower than that reported from other coronavirus epidemics including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS; mortality rate, >40% in patients aged >60 years)5 and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS; mortality rate, 30%).6 However, little is known about the clinical manifestations of 2019-nCoV in healthy populations or cases outside Wuhan. We report early clinical features of 13 patients with confirmed 2019-nCoV infection admitted to hospitals in Beijing.
「Methods」
Data were obtained from 3 hospitals in Beijing, China (Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University [8 patients], Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University [4 patients], and College of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital [1 patient]). Patients were hospitalized from January 16, 2020, to January 29, 2020, with final follow-up for this report on February 4, 2020. Patients with possible 2019-nCoV were admitted and quarantined, and throat swab samples were collected and sent to the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention for detection of 2019-nCoV using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay.3 Chest radiography or computed tomography was performed. Data were obtained as part of standard care. Patients were transferred to a specialized hospital after diagnosis. This study was approved by the ethics commissions of the 3 hospitals, with a waiver of informed consent.
「Results」
The median age of the patients was 34 years (25th-75th percentile, 34-48 years); 2 patients were children (aged 2 years and 15 years), and 10 (77%) were male. Twelve patients either visited Wuhan, including a family (parents and son), or had family members (grandparents of the 2-year-old child) who visited Wuhan after the onset of the 2019-nCoV epidemic (mean stay, 2.5 days). One patient did not have any known contact with Wuhan.
Twelve patients reported fever (mean, 1.6 days) before hospitalization. Symptoms included cough (46.3%), upper airway congestion (61.5%), myalgia (23.1%), and headache (23.1%) (Table). No patient required respiratory support before being transferred to the specialty hospital after a mean of 2 days. The youngest patient (aged 2 years) had intermittent fever for 1 week and persistent cough for 13 days before 2019-nCoV diagnosis. Levels of inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein were elevated, and numbers of lymphocytes were marginally elevated (Table).
Four patients had chest radiographs and 9 had computed tomography. Five images did not demonstrate any consolidation or scarring. One chest radiograph demonstrated scattered opacities in the left lower lung; in 6 patients, ground glass opacity was observed in the right or both lungs (Figure). As of February 4, 2020, all the patients recovered, but 12 were still being quarantined in the hospital.
➥Author: De Chang, Minggui Lin, Lai Wei, et al.
➥Link: (JAMA) https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2761043
衛生福利部
疾病管制署 - 1922防疫達人
疾病管制署
國家衛生研究院-論壇
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middle child中文 在 [分享] Middle Child Syndrome 中間小孩情節- 看板FamilyCircle 的推薦與評價
翻譯自 https://www.everydayfamily.com/the-middle-child-syndrome/
中間小孩情結
在計畫家庭時，考慮出生順序如何影響小孩的情緒與人格是很重要的，這也會影響家裡
的氣氛。「中間小孩情結」是常常被討論的。想像你的中間小孩可能遭遇到什麼，或者
身為中間小孩的他們會有什麼負面的反應？這裡有些有幫助的資訊。
情緒的影響
澳洲心理學家Alfred Adler博士第一個提出出生順序的影響。他認為出生順序會強烈影
響孩子的人格。Alfred Adler博士本身就是個中間小孩。
中間小孩時常感覺被遺棄與忽視，不像他們較年長或年輕的手足。當老大從「什麼都是第
一個」之中得到好處，老么從「家中的小寶貝」的情緒之中得到好處，中間小孩感覺自己
一點都不特別，就只是「爸媽的其中一個小孩」。
一些研究認為中間小孩比較沮喪，而且有比他們的兄姐強壯的免疫系統。
人格
根據這些研究，中間小孩比他們的兄弟姊妹外向且具有彈性。有個理論認為中間小孩較早
了解自己需要發聲系統，這樣才能讓自己在眾小孩中被聽到，而彈性來自於他們時常隨著
老大的活動逐流，又受限於老么的需求。
中間小孩比其他小孩有傾向成為反抗者。達爾文就是一個很好的「反抗者性格」的例子，
他也是一個中間小孩。
例外
然而還是有一些例外。第一個例外是性別。如果中間小孩的性別不同於老大與老么，那
中間小孩情節通常不會發生。這是因為當這小孩是不同性別時，他也會被當成第一個小
孩養，因為他們有很多不同的特徵與行為，對家庭來說都是第一次，例如第一次舞蹈發
表會。另一個例外就是中間小孩具有某種身心障礙。
如何中和中間小孩情結
你不能完全抹平中間小孩情結，但你還是可以採取一些方法讓你的中間小孩是家庭裡重
要的成員。你要為每個孩子有特別且特定日子的夜晚，但這對於中間小孩也許更為重要
。在家庭討論時，你要特別聆聽中間小孩的意見，並且納入他的意見。最後，要讓你的
每個孩子知道他們是多麼特別且唯一的。灌輸他們良好的自我價值對他們有利，甚至在
他們長大以後都受用。
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