關於 national museum of scotland ，我們在網路上蒐集到這些相關的討論、資訊與評價

蘇格蘭的門戶｜英國愛丁堡 Edinburgh
愛丁堡自十五世紀起便是蘇格蘭首府、政府所在地，熱門小說『哈利波特』也是在此問世。愛丁堡同時亦是許多旅人體驗蘇格蘭風情的起點，猶如蘇格蘭的門戶。即便是英格蘭主導下聯合王國中的一份子，蘇格蘭仍然高度保有自己的傳統與特色，甚至也有自己的貨幣。


行走在愛丁堡街上，充耳可聞的濃厚蘇格蘭口音、街頭藝人風笛聲與不時出現的蓋爾語字彙，鮮明特色猶如醇烈的蘇格蘭威士忌，頗有幾分來到異國的感覺，有著與英格蘭首府倫敦截然不同的氛圍。


愛丁堡主要可以分成三個區域 -高踞山丘上的中世紀舊城區、山下18、19世紀喬治式的新城區與西區。絕大多數景點都是在步行範圍內，很適合停留個三天兩夜信步漫遊，再前往其他地方如格拉斯哥或蘇格蘭高地。


我初到愛丁堡時的第一印象，就是它的暗色調。不像倫敦或其他城市，會把建築外牆清理如新，而是保留建築物隨著時間推移而自然變暗的顏色，增添了一些韻味與神秘感。（若是晚上再去參加鬼故事的Walking Tour，想必效果更加成。）


另一個印象則是街屋都相當密集高聳，有很多狹窄陡峭的巷弄。這是因為17-18世紀時，由於人口大量集中，愛丁堡的房子越蓋越高，甚至可以達到十層樓高，在當時是相當於摩天大樓的存在。今日在愛丁堡的舊城區像是維多利亞街一帶，仍可以看到街道兩排高聳的街屋。


多數遊客來到愛丁堡多會去愛丁堡城堡、荷里路德宮、大象咖啡屋和卡爾頓山等景點。我自己另外也很喜歡蘇格蘭國家博物館與Dean Village，也推薦給各位。


蘇格蘭國家博物館(National Museum of Scotland)是蘇格蘭博物館與王家博物館合併而來。其中王家博物館有著古典的建築，其寬敞明亮的鑄鐵大廳更是主要特色。王家博物館的館藏主要以科學、科技、自然歷史與世界文化為主。


Dean Village位在西區，就在流經愛丁堡的利斯河上，過去是以利斯河水力帶動的磨坊聚落。小小的範圍內曾一度有十一座以上的磨坊，是過去穀磨區域的中心，一直到十九世紀才被併入愛丁堡。今日則有步道穿越優美的河谷景緻，很推薦來散步。尤其是秋天樹葉金黃時，景色格外優美。


若是在夏天造訪愛丁堡，除了參觀景點外，也有許多節慶活動可以參加，包含著名的軍樂節與Fringe藝穗節，有非常多的表演與節目可以看。但也因為如此，街上的人群明顯洶湧許多，住宿會比較不好訂，用餐時間也一位難求，最好提早安排。


▌如何正確地使用各種鏡頭來幫影像說故事

我常在網路上看到有人問，去歐洲旅行要帶什麼鏡頭。而最常見的回覆就是帶廣角鏡就好，因為歐洲大景多，帶廣角鏡才拍的下。這其實是相當糟糕的建議，因為在錯誤的場合下，使用廣角鏡反而會讓畫面中的元素分散，讓照片變得空洞沒有重點。事實上，在拍攝歐洲城市街景的時候，反而會很常使用長焦鏡拍攝。

每個鏡頭都有不同的敘事用法，絕非只有廣角鏡可以拍進比較多東西、長焦鏡可以拍比較遠的物體而已。在我的旅行攝影線上課程中，我將深入講解每種鏡頭的敘事技法與使用場合。同時搭配實例說明，如何透過各種鏡頭，使用放大誇飾感、壓縮感、日常感、時間感、縱深層次感等方式，來幫助你拍出更美、更有故事感、更能觸動人心的照片。

課程正在進行募資中，期間有六折優惠，詳情請見課程網頁：https://ps.yottau.net/3l2gu8

- Luyện đọc đầu ngày: ALEXANDER HENDERSON (1831-1913)

Born in Scotland, Henderson emigrated to Canada in 1855 and became a well-known landscape photographer.

Alexander Henderson was born in Scotland in 1831 and was the son of a successful merchant. His grandfather, also called Alexander, had founded the family business, and later became the first chairman of the National Bank of Scotland. The family had extensive landholdings in Scotland. Besides its residence in Edinburgh, it owned Press Estate, 650 acres of farmland about 35 miles southeast of the city. The family often stayed at Press Castle, the large mansion on the northern edge of the property, and Alexander spent much of his childhood in the area, playing on the beach near Eyemouth or fishing in the streams nearby.

Even after he went to school at Murcheston Academy on the outskirts of Edinburgh, Henderson returned to Press at weekends. In 1849 he began a three-year apprenticeship to become an accountant. Although he never liked the prospect of a business career, he stayed with it to please his family. In October 1855, however, he emigrated to Canada with his wife Agnes Elder Robertson and they settled in Montreal.

Henderson learned photography in Montreal around the year 1857 and quickly took it up as a serious amateur. He became a personal friend and colleague of the Scottish-Canadian photographer William Notman. The two men made a photographic excursion to Niagara Falls in 1860 and they cooperated on experiments with magnesium flares as a source of artificial light in 1865. They belonged to the same societies and were among the founding members of the Art Association of Montreal. Henderson acted as chairman of the association's first meeting, which was held in Notman's studio on 11 January 1860.

In spite of their friendship, their styles of photography were quite different. While Notman's landscapes were noted for their bold realism, Henderson for the first 20 years of his career produced romantic images, showing the strong influence of the British landscape tradition. His artistic and technical progress was rapid and in 1865 he published his first major collection of landscape photographs. The publication had limited circulation (only seven copies have ever been found), and was called Canadian Views and Studies. The contents of each copy vary significantly and have proved a useful source for evaluating Henderson's early work.
In 1866, he gave up his business to open a photographic studio, advertising himself as a portrait and landscape photographer. From about 1870 he dropped portraiture to specialize in landscape photography and other views. His numerous photographs of city life revealed in street scenes, houses, and markets are alive with human activity, and although his favourite subject was landscape he usually composed his scenes around such human pursuits as farming the land, cutting ice on a river, or sailing down a woodland stream. There was sufficient demand for these types of scenes and others he took depicting the lumber trade, steamboats and waterfalls to enable him to make a living. There was little competing hobby or amateur photography before the late 1880s because of the time-consuming techniques involved and the weight of the equipment. People wanted to buy photographs as souvenirs of a trip or as gifts, and catering to this market, Henderson had stock photographs on display at his studio for mounting, framing, or inclusion in albums.

Henderson frequently exhibited his photographs in Montreal and abroad, in London, Edinburgh, Dublin, Paris, New York, and Philadelphia. He met with greater success in 1877 and 1878 in New York when he won first prizes in the exhibition held by E and HT Anthony and Company for landscapes using the Lambertype process. In 1878 his work won second prize at the world exhibition in Paris.

In the 1870s and 1880s Henderson travelled widely throughout Quebec and Ontario, in Canada, documenting the major cities of the two provinces and many of the villages in Quebec. He was especially fond of the wilderness and often travelled by canoe on the Blanche, du Lievre, and other noted eastern rivers. He went on several occasions to the Maritimes and in 1872 he sailed by yacht along the lower north shore of the St Lawrence River. That same year, while in the lower St Lawrence River region, he took some photographs of the construction of the Intercolonial Railway. This undertaking led in 1875 to a commission from the railway to record the principal structures along the almost-completed line connecting Montreal to Halifax. Commissions from other railways followed. In 1876 he photographed bridges on the Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa and Occidental Railway between Montreal and Ottawa. In 1885 he went west along the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) as far as Rogers Pass in British Columbia, where he took photographs of the mountains and the progress of construction.

In 1892 Henderson accepted a full-time position with the CPR as manager of a photographic department which he was to set up and administer. His duties included spending four months in the field each year. That summer he made his second trip west, photographing extensively along the railway line as far as Victoria. He continued in this post until 1897, when he retired completely from photography.

When Henderson died in 1913, his huge collection of glass negatives was stored in the basement of his house. Today collections of his work are held at the National Archives of Canada, Ottawa, and the McCord Museum of Canadian History, Montreal.

Extensive (adj): rộng
Outskirts (n): ngoại ô
Apprenticeship (n): thời gian học nghề
Excursion (n): chuyến du ngoạn
Artificial (adj): nhân tạo
Influence (n) /ˈɪnfluəns/ : sự ảnh hưởng
Artistic (adj) /ɑːˈtɪstɪk/ : đẹp
Rapid (adj) /ˈræpɪd/ : nhanh chóng
Significantly (adv) /sɪɡˈnɪfɪkəntli/ : đáng kể
Specialize in (v) /ˈspeʃəlaɪz//ɪn/ : chuyên
Numerous (adj)/ˈnjuːmərəs/ : nhiều
Sufficient (adj) /səˈfɪʃnt/ : đủ
Demand (n)/dɪˈmɑːnd/ : nhu cầu
Exhibition (n) /ˌeksɪˈbɪʃn/: triển lãm
Wilderness (n) /ˈwɪldənəs/ : vùng hoang vu
Commission (n) /kəˈmɪʃn/ : nhiệm vụ
Administer (v) /ədˈmɪnɪstə(r)/: điều hành
Huge (adj) /hjuːdʒ/ : to lớn

Các bạn cùng tham khảo bài đọc này nhé! Trích từ Cambridge IELTS14 - giải chi tiết, có ai chưa có bản này không?

知識除了在腳上在書本裡，
還有在博物館裡。
我鐘意去不同的博物館，
大英博物館，羅浮宮，
俄羅斯冬宮，北京故宮.....
還有各式各樣不同大小的博物館都喜歡，
它們讓你清楚古往今來每件事的由來。
你們有什麼博物館值得介紹的嗎？
等我下次出遊也可以去拜訪一下😊
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#edinburgh #nationalmuseum #scotland #knowledge #input #history #古往今來 #travel #traveldiaries #travelgram #travelblogger #england #museum #知識就是力量 #知識就是財富 #知識和修養 #知識 #博物館 @ National Museum of Scotland