📜 [專欄新文章] Uniswap v3 Features Explained in Depth
✍️ 田少谷 Shao
📥 歡迎投稿: https://medium.com/taipei-ethereum-meetup #徵技術分享文 #使用心得 #教學文 #medium
Once again the game-changing DEX 🦄 👑
Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/
Outline
0. Intro1. Uniswap & AMM recap2. Ticks 3. Concentrated liquidity4. Range orders: reversible limit orders5. Impacts of v36. Conclusion
0. Intro
The announcement of Uniswap v3 is no doubt one of the most exciting news in the DeFi place recently 🔥🔥🔥
While most have talked about the impact v3 can potentially bring on the market, seldom explain the delicate implementation techniques to realize all those amazing features, such as concentrated liquidity, limit-order-like range orders, etc.
Since I’ve covered Uniswap v1 & v2 (if you happen to know Mandarin, here are v1 & v2), there’s no reason for me to not cover v3 as well ✅
Thus, this article aims to guide readers through Uniswap v3, based on their official whitepaper and examples made on the announcement page. However, one needs not to be an engineer, as not many codes are involved, nor a math major, as the math involved is definitely taught in your high school, to fully understand the following content 😊😊😊
If you really make it through but still don’t get shxt, feedbacks are welcomed! 🙏
There should be another article focusing on the codebase, so stay tuned and let’s get started with some background noise!
1. Uniswap & AMM recap
Before diving in, we have to first recap the uniqueness of Uniswap and compare it to traditional order book exchanges.
Uniswap v1 & v2 are a kind of AMMs (automated market marker) that follow the constant product equation x * y = k, with x & y stand for the amount of two tokens X and Y in a pool and k as a constant.
Comparing to order book exchanges, AMMs, such as the previous versions of Uniswap, offer quite a distinct user experience:
AMMs have pricing functions that offer the price for the two tokens, which make their users always price takers, while users of order book exchanges can be both makers or takers.
Uniswap as well as most AMMs have infinite liquidity¹, while order book exchanges don’t. The liquidity of Uniswap v1 & v2 is provided throughout the price range [0,∞]².
Uniswap as well as most AMMs have price slippage³ and it’s due to the pricing function, while there isn’t always price slippage on order book exchanges as long as an order is fulfilled within one tick.
In an order book, each price (whether in green or red) is a tick. Image source: https://ftx.com/trade/BTC-PERP
¹ though the price gets worse over time; AMM of constant sum such as mStable does not have infinite liquidity
² the range is in fact [-∞,∞], while a price in most cases won’t be negative
³ AMM of constant sum does not have price slippage
2. Tick
The whole innovation of Uniswap v3 starts from ticks.
For those unfamiliar with what is a tick:
Source: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/tick.asp
By slicing the price range [0,∞] into numerous granular ticks, trading on v3 is highly similar to trading on order book exchanges, with only three differences:
The price range of each tick is predefined by the system instead of being proposed by users.
Trades that happen within a tick still follows the pricing function of the AMM, while the equation has to be updated once the price crosses the tick.
Orders can be executed with any price within the price range, instead of being fulfilled at the same one price on order book exchanges.
With the tick design, Uniswap v3 possesses most of the merits of both AMM and an order book exchange! 💯💯💯
So, how is the price range of a tick decided?
This question is actually somewhat related to the tick explanation above: the minimum tick size for stocks trading above 1$ is one cent.
The underlying meaning of a tick size traditionally being one cent is that one cent (1% of 1$) is the basis point of price changes between ticks, ex: 1.02 — 1.01 = 0.1.
Uniswap v3 employs a similar idea: compared to the previous/next price, the price change should always be 0.01% = 1 basis point.
However, notice the difference is that in the traditional basis point, the price change is defined with subtraction, while here in Uniswap it’s division.
This is how price ranges of ticks are decided⁴:
Image source: https://uniswap.org/whitepaper-v3.pdf
With the above equation, the tick/price range can be recorded in the index form [i, i+1], instead of some crazy numbers such as 1.0001¹⁰⁰ = 1.0100496621.
As each price is the multiplication of 1.0001 of the previous price, the price change is always 1.0001 — 1 = 0.0001 = 0.01%.
For example, when i=1, p(1) = 1.0001; when i=2, p(2) = 1.00020001.
p(2) / p(1) = 1.00020001 / 1.0001 = 1.0001
See the connection between the traditional basis point 1 cent (=1% of 1$) and Uniswap v3’s basis point 0.01%?
Image source: https://tenor.com/view/coin-master-cool-gif-19748052
But sir, are prices really granular enough? There are many shitcoins with prices less than 0.000001$. Will such prices be covered as well?
Price range: max & min
To know if an extremely small price is covered or not, we have to figure out the max & min price range of v3 by looking into the spec: there is a int24 tick state variable in UniswapV3Pool.sol.
Image source: https://uniswap.org/whitepaper-v3.pdf
The reason for a signed integer int instead of an uint is that negative power represents prices less than 1 but greater than 0.
24 bits can cover the range between 1.0001 ^ (2²³ — 1) and 1.0001 ^ -(2)²³. Even Google cannot calculate such numbers, so allow me to offer smaller values to have a rough idea of the whole price range:
1.0001 ^ (2¹⁸) = 242,214,459,604.341
1.0001 ^ -(2¹⁷) = 0.000002031888943
I think it’s safe to say that with a int24 the range can cover > 99.99% of the prices of all assets in the universe 👌
⁴ For implementation concern, however, a square root is added to both sides of the equation.
How about finding out which tick does a price belong to?
Tick index from price
The answer to this question is rather easy, as we know that p(i) = 1.0001^i, simply takes a log with base 1.0001 on both sides of the equation⁴:
Image source: https://www.codecogs.com/latex/eqneditor.php
Let’s try this out, say we wanna find out the tick index of 1000000.
Image source: https://ncalculators.com/number-conversion/log-logarithm-calculator.htm
Now, 1.0001¹³⁸¹⁶² = 999,998.678087146. Voila!
⁵ This formula is also slightly modified to fit the real implementation usage.
3. Concentrated liquidity
Now that we know how ticks and price ranges are decided, let’s talk about how orders are executed in a tick, what is concentrated liquidity and how it enables v3 to compete with stablecoin-specialized DEXs (decentralized exchange), such as Curve, by improving the capital efficiency.
Concentrated liquidity means LPs (liquidity providers) can provide liquidity to any price range/tick at their wish, which causes the liquidity to be imbalanced in ticks.
As each tick has a different liquidity depth, the corresponding pricing function x * y = k also won’t be the same!
Each tick has its own liquidity depth. Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/
Mmm… examples are always helpful for abstract descriptions 😂
Say the original pricing function is 100(x) * 1000(y) = 100000(k), with the price of X token 1000 / 100 = 10 and we’re now in the price range [9.08, 11.08].
If the liquidity of the price range [11.08, 13.08] is the same as [9.08, 11.08], we don’t have to modify the pricing function if the price goes from 10 to 11.08, which is the boundary between two ticks.
The price of X is 1052.63 / 95 = 11.08 when the equation is 1052.63 * 95 = 100000.
However, if the liquidity of the price range [11.08, 13.08] is two times that of the current range [9.08, 11.08], balances of x and y should be doubled, which makes the equation become 2105.26 * 220 = 400000, which is (1052.63 * 2) * (110 * 2) = (100000 * 2 * 2).
We can observe the following two points from the above example:
Trades always follow the pricing function x * y = k, while once the price crosses the current price range/tick, the liquidity/equation has to be updated.
√(x * y) = √k = L is how we represent the liquidity, as I say the liquidity of x * y = 400000 is two times the liquidity of x * y = 100000, as √(400000 / 100000) = 2.
What’s more, compared to liquidity on v1 & v2 is always spread across [0,∞], liquidity on v3 can be concentrated within certain price ranges and thus results in higher capital efficiency from traders’ swapping fees!
Let’s say if I provide liquidity in the range [1200, 2800], the capital efficiency will then be 4.24x higher than v2 with the range [0,∞] 😮😮😮 There’s a capital efficiency comparison calculator, make sure to try it out!
Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/
It’s worth noticing that the concept of concentrated liquidity was proposed and already implemented by Kyper, prior to Uniswap, which is called Automated Price Reserve in their case.⁵
⁶ Thanks to Yenwen Feng for the information.
4. Range orders: reversible limit orders
As explained in the above section, LPs of v3 can provide liquidity to any price range/tick at their wish. Depending on the current price and the targeted price range, there are three scenarios:
current price < the targeted price range
current price > the targeted price range
current price belongs to the targeted price range
The first two scenarios are called range orders. They have unique characteristics and are essentially fee-earning reversible limit orders, which will be explained later.
The last case is the exact same liquidity providing mechanism as the previous versions: LPs provide liquidity in both tokens of the same value (= amount * price).
There’s also an identical product to the case: grid trading, a very powerful investment tool for a time of consolidation. Dunno what’s grid trading? Check out Binance’s explanation on this, as this topic won’t be covered!
In fact, LPs of Uniswap v1 & v2 are grid trading with a range of [0,∞] and the entry price as the baseline.
Range orders
To understand range orders, we’d have to first revisit how price is discovered on Uniswap with the equation x * y = k, for x & y stand for the amount of two tokens X and Y and k as a constant.
The price of X compared to Y is y / x, which means how many Y one can get for 1 unit of X, and vice versa the price of Y compared to X is x / y.
For the price of X to go up, y has to increase and x decrease.
With this pricing mechanism in mind, it’s example time!
Say an LP plans to place liquidity in the price range [15.625, 17.313], higher than the current price of X 10, when 100(x) * 1000(y) = 100000(k).
The price of X is 1250 / 80 = 15.625 when the equation is 80 * 1250 = 100000.
The price of X is 1315.789 / 76 = 17.313 when the equation is 76 * 1315.789 = 100000.
If now the price of X reaches 15.625, the only way for the price of X to go even higher is to further increase y and decrease x, which means exchanging a certain amount of X for Y.
Thus, to provide liquidity in the range [15.625, 17.313], an LP needs only to prepare 80 — 76 = 4 of X. If the price exceeds 17.313, all 4 X of the LP is swapped into 1315.789 — 1250 = 65.798 Y, and then the LP has nothing more to do with the pool, as his/her liquidity is drained.
What if the price stays in the range? It’s exactly what LPs would love to see, as they can earn swapping fees for all transactions in the range! Also, the balance of X will swing between [76, 80] and the balance of Y between [1250, 1315.789].
This might not be obvious, but the example above shows an interesting insight: if the liquidity of one token is provided, only when the token becomes more valuable will it be exchanged for the less valuable one.
…wut? 🤔
Remember that if 4 X is provided within [15.625, 17.313], only when the price of X goes up from 15.625 to 17.313 is 4 X gradually swapped into Y, the less valuable one!
What if the price of X drops back immediately after reaching 17.313? As X becomes less valuable, others are going to exchange Y for X.
The below image illustrates the scenario of DAI/USDC pair with a price range of [1.001, 1.002] well: the pool is always composed entirely of one token on both sides of the tick, while in the middle 1.001499⁶ is of both tokens.
Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/
Similarly, to provide liquidity in a price range < current price, an LP has to prepare a certain amount of Y for others to exchange Y for X within the range.
To wrap up such an interesting feature, we know that:
Only one token is required for range orders.
Only when the current price is within the range of the range order can LP earn trading fees. This is the main reason why most people believe LPs of v3 have to monitor the price more actively to maximize their income, which also means that LPs of v3 have become arbitrageurs 🤯
I will be discussing more the impacts of v3 in 5. Impacts of v3.
⁷ 1.001499988 = √(1.0001 * 1.0002) is the geometric mean of 1.0001 and 1.0002. The implication is that the geometric mean of two prices is the average execution price within the range of the two prices.
Reversible limit orders
As the example in the last section demonstrates, if there is 4 X in range [15.625, 17.313], the 4 X will be completely converted into 65.798 Y when the price goes over 17.313.
We all know that a price can stay in a wide range such as [10, 11] for quite some time, while it’s unlikely so in a narrow range such as [15.625, 15.626].
Thus, if an LP provides liquidity in [15.625, 15.626], we can expect that once the price of X goes over 15.625 and immediately also 15.626, and does not drop back, all X are then forever converted into Y.
The concept of having a targeted price and the order will be executed after the price is crossed is exactly the concept of limit orders! The only difference is that if the range of a range order is not narrow enough, it’s highly possible that the conversion of tokens will be reverted once the price falls back to the range.
As price ranges follow the equation p(i) = 1.0001 ^ i, the range can be quite narrow and a range order can thus effectively serve as a limit order:
When i = 27490, 1.0001²⁷⁴⁹⁰ = 15.6248.⁸
When i = 27491, 1.0001²⁷⁴⁹¹ = 15.6264.⁸
A range of 0.0016 is not THAT narrow but can certainly satisfy most limit order use cases!
⁸ As mentioned previously in note #4, there is a square root in the equation of the price and index, thus the numbers here are for explantion only.
5. Impacts of v3
Higher capital efficiency, LPs become arbitrageurs… as v3 has made tons of radical changes, I’d like to summarize my personal takes of the impacts of v3:
Higher capital efficiency makes one of the most frequently considered indices in DeFi: TVL, total value locked, becomes less meaningful, as 1$ on Uniswap v3 might have the same effect as 100$ or even 2000$ on v2.
The ease of spot exchanging between spot exchanges used to be a huge advantage of spot markets over derivative markets. As LPs will take up the role of arbitrageurs and arbitraging is more likely to happen on v3 itself other than between DEXs, this gap is narrowed … to what extent? No idea though.
LP strategies and the aggregation of NFT of Uniswap v3 liquidity token are becoming the blue ocean for new DeFi startups: see Visor and Lixir. In fact, this might be the turning point for both DeFi and NFT: the two main reasons of blockchain going mainstream now come to the alignment of interest: solving the $$ problem 😏😏😏
In the right venue, which means a place where transaction fees are low enough, such as Optimism, we might see Algo trading firms coming in to share the market of designing LP strategies on Uniswap v3, as I believe Algo trading is way stronger than on-chain strategies or DAO voting to add liquidity that sort of thing.
After reading this article by Parsec.finance: The Dex to Rule Them All, I cannot help but wonder: maybe there is going to be centralized crypto exchanges adopting v3’s approach. The reason is that since orders of LPs in the same tick are executed pro-rata, the endless front-running speeding-competition issue in the Algo trading world, to some degree, is… solved? 🤔
Anyway, personal opinions can be biased and seriously wrong 🙈 I’m merely throwing out a sprat to catch a whale. Having a different voice? Leave your comment down below!
6. Conclusion
That was kinda tough, isn’t it? Glad you make it through here 🥂🥂🥂
There are actually many more details and also a huge section of Oracle yet to be covered. However, since this article is more about features and targeting normal DeFi users, I’ll leave those to the next one; hope there is one 😅
If you have any doubt or find any mistake, please feel free to reach out to me and I’d try to reply AFAP!
Stay tuned and in the meantime let’s wait and see how Uniswap v3 is again pioneering the innovation of DeFi 🌟
Uniswap v3 Features Explained in Depth was originally published in Taipei Ethereum Meetup on Medium, where people are continuing the conversation by highlighting and responding to this story.
👏 歡迎轉載分享鼓掌
同時也有4部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過6,210的網紅SHIO 郭修彧,也在其Youtube影片中提到,漫漫一生中,能夠遇見懂得自己的知音是極其珍貴的事 願我們都能握牢別人的手,直到找到更好的自己! 郭修彧【盲點】?https://shio.lnk.to/qYaTNJeX 《盲點 Blind Spot》 詞:郭修彧|曲:郭修彧|導演:涂皓欽 願妳還沒覺得厭倦 臉上的微笑和我的重疊 掩飾著淚儘量不...
ocean abstract 在 Facebook 的最佳貼文
The Coral Shrine by @notep & @cyrusjameskhan 🪄
1 of 1 • On sale from 14th Mar, 3:00 pm
https://knownorigin.io/gallery/300000-the-coral-shrine
This is the second collaborative piece between artist, conservationist and musician Note Panayanggool and Digital Artist Cyrus James Khan. Further exploring abstract twilight realms and integrating surreal coral structures taken from Note's original mix-media work. Behind the structure resides one of Cyrus's classic rectangular gateways as shown in his previous Portal series. The scene was rendered via an unbiased graphic engine.
Eighty percent of the initial sale for this piece will be going directly to the Terracycle Thai Foundation, in order to support sustainability initiatives regarding river and ocean cleanups. Follow @notep and @terracyclethaifoundation on Instagram to follow the process.
Art by @notep & @cyrusjameskhan
#cryptoart #NFT #cryptoartist #ETH #nftcommunity #conservation #marineconservation #rivercleanup #coralreefs
ocean abstract 在 Facebook 的最佳解答
The Coral Shrine by @notep & @cyrusjameskhan 🪄
1 of 1 • On sale from 14th Mar, 3:00 pm
https://knownorigin.io/gallery/300000-the-coral-shrine
This is the second collaborative piece between artist, conservationist and musician Note Panayanggool and Digital Artist Cyrus James Khan. Further exploring abstract twilight realms and integrating surreal coral structures taken from Note's original mix-media work. Behind the structure resides one of Cyrus's classic rectangular gateways as shown in his previous Portal series. The scene was rendered via an unbiased graphic engine.
Eighty percent of the initial sale for this piece will be going directly to the Terracycle Thai Foundation, in order to support sustainability initiatives regarding river and ocean cleanups. Follow @notep and @terracyclethaifoundation on Instagram to follow the process.
Art by @notep & @cyrusjameskhan
#cryptoart #NFT #cryptoartist #ETH #nftcommunity #conservation #marineconservation #rivercleanup #coralreefs
ocean abstract 在 SHIO 郭修彧 Youtube 的精選貼文
漫漫一生中,能夠遇見懂得自己的知音是極其珍貴的事
願我們都能握牢別人的手,直到找到更好的自己!
郭修彧【盲點】?https://shio.lnk.to/qYaTNJeX
《盲點 Blind Spot》
詞:郭修彧|曲:郭修彧|導演:涂皓欽
願妳還沒覺得厭倦
臉上的微笑和我的重疊
掩飾著淚儘量不讓我看見
只留下一段美好的界線
時間匆匆的過
今天的我還是繼續的揣摩
雖然取決於我
沒有妳的解惑 我怎能熬得過
困在牛角尖的那個瞬間
想著妳就會冷靜一點點
即使走到了死胡同
妳還是勸我回頭走
提醒我學習原諒自己的殘缺
願妳從來不曾疲倦
嘴角的笑紋和我的相連
眼前的我最怕妳的傷悲
變成了只剩遺憾作紀念
時間這樣的過
今天的我們真的已經不同
雖然還是困惑
我有沒有讓妳真正的快樂過
困在牛角尖的那個瞬間
想著妳就會冷靜一點點
即使走到了死胡同
妳還是勸我回頭走
提醒我學習原諒自己的殘缺
原來發洩情緒是一種自由
是不能過度要求的享受
再轉回牛角尖的那刻之前
想跟著妳走到 夢的終點
因為在乎的不會忘
感謝的話也說不完
只希望提取更多報答的時間
請相信我一定能為妳走出
困著自己的那個盲點
–Song Credit–
製作人Album Producer : 戴佩妮Penny Tai
音樂教練Music Coach : 黃中岳Ray Huang
電吉他Electric Guitar : 翁光煒Wico Weng
原聲吉他Acoustic Guitar : 蔡巽洋Ocean Tsai
鋼琴Piano : 溫和蒝Wilson Wen
貝斯Bass : 林柏文Bobo Lin
鼓Drums : 古景安Nick Gu
合聲編寫Backing vocals Arrange : 郭修彧Shio
合聲 Backing vocals:郭修彧 Shio
樂器錄音室Instrument Recording Studio : 強力錄音室Mega Force Studio
配唱錄音室VocalRecording Studio : 白金錄音室Platinum Studio
錄音師Recording Engineer : 王永鈞ChiefWang
電吉他音色設計Electric Guitar Sound Design : 鍾孟宏Michael (麥歐西音頻技術)
混音師Mixing Engineer : 林正忠Jerry Lin
混音室Mixing Studio : 白金錄音室Platinum Studio
母帶後期處理錄音師Mastering Engineer : 林正忠Jerry Lin
母帶後期處理錄音執行ExecutiveMastering Engineer : 孫仲舒Sun Chung-Shu
母帶後期處理錄音室Mastering Studio : 鈺德科技股份有限公司U-Tech Media Corporation
#SHIO郭修彧 #盲點 #
ocean abstract 在 SHIO 郭修彧 Youtube 的最佳貼文
《Hug Yourself》描述的是,SHIO搭巴士時遇到的不愉快的經驗
她用輕快明亮的旋律及編曲,來紓發心裡的負面情緒
展現了她黑色幽默的一面
郭修彧【盲點】?https://shio.lnk.to/qYaTNJeX
《Hug Yourself》
詞:郭修彧|曲:郭修彧|導演:黃子然
特別演出:金魚腦、Hero、Cat、Darius、Reena
我拿著一個塑膠袋
裡面放了我的錢包電腦外套
誰會料到 有一個人要出招
他站在門口剪個票
就以為自己是大總召
開什麼玩笑 為何非要我檢討
沒辦法不介意
我沒錯 還特別寫了一首歌
可是 sorry 不是給你的
是寫來對你說
Go hug yourself
你有什麼資格 你給什麼 order
隨身攜帶的小背包 為何不能帶上巴士呢
Go hug yourself
你憑什麼身分 你懂不懂humble
竟覺得你的地位高過車上每個人
醒醒吧 去吃石頭吧
誰說由你來作主 你一點都不酷
但我還真佩服 你做夢做到頭腦變不清楚
Oh yeah 我介意
謝謝你 我現在多了一首歌
可是還是 sorry 送給我自己
You know 寫歌很難的
Go hug yourself
你有什麼資格 你給什麼 order
隨身攜帶的小背包 為何不能帶上巴士呢
Go hug yourself
你憑什麼身分 你懂不懂humble
竟覺得你的地位高過車上每個人
醒醒吧 該吃柿子啦
這是個班機嗎 請問
Oh no 你搞亂了 mister
這就只是一輛要去飛機場的巴士車
Go hug yourself
你有什麼資格 你給什麼 order
隨身攜帶的小背包 為何不能帶上巴士呢
Go hug yourself
你憑什麼身分 你懂不懂humble
竟覺得你的地位高過車上每個人
醒醒吧 去吃石頭吧
以牙還牙 以牙還牙 以牙還牙 還牙
–Song Credit–
製作人Album Producer : 戴佩妮Penny Tai
音樂教練Music Coach : 黃中岳Ray Huang
電吉他Electric Guitar : 翁光煒Wico Weng
原聲吉他Acoustic Guitar : 蔡巽洋Ocean Tsai
鋼琴Piano : 溫和蒝Wilson Wen
貝斯Bass : 林柏文Bobo Lin
鼓Drums : 古景安Nick Gu
二胡 Erhu:吳政君 Alex Wu
合聲編寫Backing vocals Arrange : 郭修彧Shio
合聲 Backing vocals:郭修彧 Shio、戴佩妮 Penny Tai、吳政君 Alex Wu、Band、黃則翔 Eddie Huang
樂器錄音室Instrument Recording Studio : 強力錄音室Mega Force Studio
配唱錄音室VocalRecording Studio : 白金錄音室Platinum Studio
錄音師Recording Engineer : 王永鈞ChiefWang
電吉他音色設計Electric Guitar Sound Design : 鍾孟宏Michael (麥歐西音頻技術)
混音師Mixing Engineer : 林正忠Jerry Lin
混音室Mixing Studio : 白金錄音室Platinum Studio
母帶後期處理錄音師Mastering Engineer : 林正忠Jerry Lin
母帶後期處理錄音執行ExecutiveMastering Engineer : 孫仲舒Sun Chung-Shu
母帶後期處理錄音室Mastering Studio : 鈺德科技股份有限公司U-Tech Media Corporation
#SHIO郭修彧 #盲點 #HugYourself
ocean abstract 在 SHIO 郭修彧 Youtube 的最佳解答
即使別人將我們當成擋箭牌
我們都還是有抽身離開的自由,承認看清楚的勇氣
郭修彧【盲點】?https://shio.lnk.to/qYaTNJeX
《擋箭牌 Adarga》
詞:郭修彧&戴佩妮|曲:郭修彧
導演:黃中平|特別演出:吳念軒、馬栗
選擇離開了 聊天室 不通知
你做了什麼 搞砸了 我們呢?
別總是 拿我當藉口 成全你的胡來
話都說不明白 是考驗誰的能耐
就當沒發生過 都沒有錯 算了
從我們開始說 第一聲 Hello 重新來過
不用不安的 反正沒什麼重要的 不是嗎 對你來說
你就這樣的 隱瞞著什麼 我配合扮演好 有多天真
我陷入的困境 是你設下的陷阱
你的守護者 還有幾個不了解的
怎麼不攤開 那些對白 多不自在
總是學不壞 把心事 全藏起來
我存在 只不過是你們的擋箭牌
多慶幸被依賴 但不再是未來
雖然都沒有了 我會記得你們的
願離別有一天 可以徹底的痊癒了
不用不安的 反正沒什麼重要的 不是嗎 對你來說
你就這樣的 隱瞞著什麼 我配合扮演好 有多天真
我陷入的困境 是你設下的陷阱
你的守護者 還有幾個不了解的
不用不安的 反正沒什麼意外的 不是嗎 對我來說
我不繼續了 不再扮演好 配合你隱瞞著 真夠天真
你享受著的現境 是折磨我的陷阱
你的受害者 只有一個看清楚的
只有一個 看清楚的
–Song Credit–
製作人Album Producer : 戴佩妮Penny Tai
音樂教練Music Coach : 黃中岳Ray Huang
電吉他Electric Guitar : 翁光煒Wico Weng
原聲吉他Acoustic Guitar : 蔡巽洋Ocean Tsai
鋼琴Piano : 溫和蒝Wilson Wen
貝斯Bass : 林柏文Bobo Lin
鼓Drums : 古景安Nick Gu
合聲編寫Backing vocals Arrange&合聲Backing vocals : 郭修彧Shio
樂器錄音室Instrument Recording Studio : 強力錄音室Mega Force Studio
配唱錄音室VocalRecording Studio : 白金錄音室Platinum Studio
錄音師Recording Engineer : 王永鈞ChiefWang
電吉他音色設計Electric Guitar Sound Design : 鍾孟宏Michael (麥歐西音頻技術)
混音師Mixing Engineer : 林正忠Jerry Lin
混音室Mixing Studio : 白金錄音室Platinum Studio
母帶後期處理錄音師Mastering Engineer : 林正忠Jerry Lin
母帶後期處理錄音執行ExecutiveMastering Engineer : 孫仲舒Sun Chung-Shu
母帶後期處理錄音室Mastering Studio : 鈺德科技股份有限公司U-Tech Media Corporation
#SHIO郭修彧 #2019自我療癒推薦 #擋箭牌
#吳念軒 #虎爺 #馬栗
#2019全新創作專輯 #盲點
#6月12日與你相見
#冒牌者症候群