在觀賞東京奧運賽事時,裁判的定奪與給分時常牽動運動員乃至觀眾的反應。裁判在比賽賽事中扮演重要的角色,一方面是構成與推進競賽的重要成員之一,另一方面也象徵著掌控比賽規則秩序的審判者。
今天來關注這篇選自 CUP 媒體 的有趣報導。文中探究英語系國家裁判專有名詞眾多的原因。許多現代體育項目來英語系國家;其衍生對於裁判的不同英文稱呼方式,則反映出在不同類型、不同性質的比賽中,裁判的存在與功能,其意涵可能不盡相同。
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文化網站 Atlas Obscura 指出,在不少國家,體育裁判的叫法其實很統一,例如日語的「審判」(しんぱん),又或者法文的 arbitre。在中文世界中,球類賽事如足球、籃球,通常會叫做「球證」,非球類比賽如體操和田徑,或會叫作「裁判」或「評判」。而在英語系國家,這一類體育裁判的專有名詞卻千變萬化,明明同是球類,籃球球證便稱為「Referee」,棒球就名為「Umpire」,而欖球除了有 Referee,還有「Judges」。
英文中,裁判最廣泛的稱謂是「Officials」。裁判的歷史與體育歷史一樣長久,首屆古代奧林匹克奧運於公元前 776 年展開,當時的體育比賽已經有十人組成的裁判團,通稱為 hellanodicae。當時,裁判乃從不同地方挑選出來,他們地位尊貴、備受敬仰。後來,人類發展出愈來愈多體育項目,雖然依然貫徹一些裁判原則,例如主持比賽要中立,但各項目的裁判人數、配置和角色變得愈來愈不同。
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英文各種裁判叫法都源遠流長,例如棒球和板球的 Umpire,據說源自拉丁文的 non-par,意思是「不平等」(not equal)。所謂不平等可以有兩重含意,首先是指裁判的地位超然於運動員,由古希臘到今天現代賽事,裁判依然享有最終決定權;另一種講法認為裁判是「打破僵局的人」(tiebreaker),他們要確保一場賽事能夠分出優劣。在中古英語,non-par 就演變成 Noumpere,繼而再成為今天的 Umpire。
(引用自https://www.cup.com.hk/2021/08/04/words-for-sports-officials/)
同時也有1部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過11萬的網紅馮韋元Francois Devatine,也在其Youtube影片中提到,請你訂閲我的頻道! IG:@yuanyuanintaiwan FB:www.facebook.com/yuanyuanintaiwan 我終於開了YouTube頻道會員的功能!你如果想更瞭解頻道會員到底是什麽,你可以去看這裏:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCj1...
officials中文 在 國立故宮博物院 National Palace Museum Facebook 的最讚貼文
晝夜無間 詠時辰
請您來觀賞本院典藏,繪有小天使圖案的宮廷珍寶--懷錶佩飾。 💘
👩💻
十九世紀「播喴」畫琺瑯鑲珠懷錶
長4.66公分 厚1.07公分 徑3.32公分
西洋鐘錶自明清之際傳入中國後,持續受到宮廷及仕宦工商階層的重視與喜愛,成為近代中西文化交流的重要媒介之一。設計精巧,可供隨身佩戴的懷錶,不僅具有計時功能,也是彰顯身份,可供玩賞收藏的貴重物品。
錶面採白色琺瑯地,羅馬字雙套三針式,錶殼內鑄刻皇冠形圈飾,內有中文「播喴」二字,係瑞士製錶家族Bovet 的中譯廠牌名稱。
此組對錶的琺瑯圖案,以三名模樣可愛的小愛神邱比特為主體,其中一名雙手高舉果實滿盈的花籃,身繞飄帶自天而降,另二名坐臥相依,四周環繞盛開的紅白玫瑰與姿態各異、筆觸生動的多色花卉。👨💻
來展場走一趟,親眼目睹,讓您喜逐顏開。
更多訊息:
https://theme.npm.edu.tw/selection/Article.aspx?sNo=04009166
https://theme.npm.edu.tw/exh103/a_carland_of_treasures/ch/ch02.html
👩💻
Pair of "Bovet" pocket watches with pearls and painted enamel, 19th century
Ever since they were brought to China during the Ming and Qing eras, western clocks and watches were held in high esteem and much beloved by the imperial court, government officials, and merchant class, and they eventually became an important medium for cultural interaction between China and the west during the modern era. Pocket watches, with their intricate design and wearable nature, became not only a convenient instrument for telling the time, but also a status symbol and precious collectable.
The watch face is made of white enamel, with two sets of Roman numerals and three hands. On the inner side of the watch case, a circular crown marking can be found, within which the Chinese characters “Bo Wei” spell out the Chinese translation for “Bovet”, the Swiss family of luxury watchmakers.
💘The enamel imagery of this pair of pocket watches centers on three adorable cupids, one of which holds aloft in both hands a floral basket overflowing with fruit, while a sash weaves around his body and drapes from the sky, while the other two sit nestled against each other. The cupids are surrounded by red and white roses in full bloom, as well as other vividly depicted flowers of many forms and hues. Wash techniques are employed to give an air of soft beauty to the clouds and sky in the background, and the rich light and dark contrasts lend a three-dimensional effect to the hair and skin of the cupids, as well as the surrounding flowers and leaves.👨💻
More information:
https://theme.npm.edu.tw/selection/Article.aspx?sNo=04009166&lang=2#inline_content_intro
https://theme.npm.edu.tw/exh103/a_carland_of_treasures/en/en02.html
https://theme.npm.edu.tw/exh103/a_carland_of_treasures/ja/ja02.html
#故宮典藏精選 #NPM_Selections
#NPM_Open_Data
#當期展覽_院藏珍玩精華
#Current_Exhibits_Masterpieces_of_Precious_Crafts_in_the_Museum_Collection
officials中文 在 InkSundae Facebook 的最讚貼文
Taiwan pineapple is really delicious. Highly recommended!
How about having afternoon tea made with Taiwan pineapple? :)
China suspended imports of Taiwan pineapples suddenly. (Please see Q&A below)
Please try Taiwan fruits!😀
[中文版請見另一貼文]
https://www.facebook.com/inksundae/posts/3708196412634434
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Q&A:
Q: Why did China suspend imports of Taiwan pineapple?
A: China said there were various types of mealy bugs found in several batches of fresh pineapples shipped from Taiwan in 2020.
Q: How many times did mealy bugs were found?
A: In 6200 badges last year, mealy bugs were found in 13 badges. The pass rate is 99.79%.
Q: How to solve the problem of bugs?
A: The standard international practice is to accept the batches after they've undergone fumigation. It is solved already in 2020.
Q: How much will be affected by the halt?
A: Total produce per year is around 430,000 tonne. Around 12% were exported, while 91% within went to China. From the data last year, it involved 41661 tonne, which had a value of NT$1.49 billion (US$53.39 million). In other words, the halt affects around 10% of Taiwan total produce.
Q: Other than pineapple, what kinds of fruit were mainly exported to China?
A: Betel nut, wax apple, custard apple, grapefruit and orange. Over 90% of export went to China.
Source: @cnanews_tw
“Local officials lament China's halt of Taiwan pineapple imports”, Focus Taiwan, 02/26/2021 21:52
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P.S.: The illustration is very brief. Please see detailed recipe below:
https://www.dinneratthezoo.com/grilled-pineapple/
https://www.knowyourproduce.com/pineapple-lemonade-recipe/
#taiwan
#inksundae
#procreate #procreateart #art #artist #instaartist #illustrationartists #artistsoninstagram #illustration #illustrator #illustratorsoninstagram #editorialillustration #editorial #drawing #イラスト #イラストレーター #일러스트 #插畫
officials中文 在 馮韋元Francois Devatine Youtube 的最佳貼文
請你訂閲我的頻道!
IG:@yuanyuanintaiwan
FB:www.facebook.com/yuanyuanintaiwan
我終於開了YouTube頻道會員的功能!你如果想更瞭解頻道會員到底是什麽,你可以去看這裏:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCj1uvaVv-iHtFvSCFoiLpYw/join
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French extract with government officials taken from https://youtu.be/luEI38b9Dg4
Thanks L'Opinion
officials中文 在 女子因後車廂冒出頭髮引起民眾報警,警方到場確認後才真相 ... 的推薦與評價
女子因後車廂冒出頭髮引起民眾報警,警方到場確認後才真相大白( 中文 字幕) ... officials say. ABC7 News Bay Area. ABC7 News Bay Area. •. •. 1.5K views 2 ... ... <看更多>