關於 on grid太陽能 ，我們在網路上蒐集到這些相關的討論、資訊與評價

美國燃煤發電量十年降 10%，再生能源發電占比反創新高！（09/15/2020 TechNews科技新報）

作者 Daisy Chuang

美國再生能源發電占比又創新高，2020 上半年，綠能發電占比就高達 22%，發電占比也有稍稍改變，在 2018 年與 2019 年穩座發電第二的燃煤發電，由於天然氣發電攀升、燃煤比例驟降，燃煤電廠用電比例被核能超車、今年滑到第三名。

不論是台灣還是美國，許多國家都把天然氣當作能源轉型期的過度選項，與 2019 年上半年同期相比，美國天然氣發電量增加 50,700 GWh，天然氣發電比率在 2018 年、2019 年與今年分別占 32.5%、35.2% 與 39%，反倒是燃煤發電逐年下降，從 26.7%、23.6% 在今年上半年滑落到 16.9%，3 年內發電占比驟降 10%。

燃煤發電量下降 145,762 GWh，核電發電量也下滑 5,140 GWh，根據美國能源情報署（EIA）9 月 10 日資料，9 月初那一週，煤炭產量估計為 1,070 萬美噸，不僅比一週少 3.4％，還是連 4 週低點，或與去年同期相比，產量少了 20.5%。

美國再生能源發電比率則微微成長，風能和太陽能發電量成長 33,732 GWh，風能增加 22,114GWh，太陽能發電量則是增加 11,618 GWh，其中主要以大型太陽能電廠為主，有 8,213 GWh 新增發電量來自大型案場。

2020 上半年，太陽能發電量占美國電力總量 3.4％，比 2018 年與 2019 年的 2.3％ 和 2.7％ 還要高，若以比率來看，大型太陽能發電占比為 2%。

2019 年底美國有許多太陽能、風能等再生能源案場併網，最近則來到收成的時刻，根據美國能源署（EIA）每小時電網監控系統（Hourly Electric Grid Monitor）資料，從 3 月 25 日到 5 月 3 日，美國太陽能、風能、水電等公用事業綠能發電量超過燃煤發電整整 40 天，抵達新里程碑。

完整內容請見：
https://technews.tw/2020/09/15/usa-renewable-energy-coal

Renewable Energy = 22.2% of US Electricity in 1st Half of 2020 (Charts)
https://cleantechnica.com/2020/09/12/renewable-energy-22-2-of-us-electricity-in-1st-half-of-2020-charts/

Weekly US coal production totals 10.7 million st, down 20.5% on year: EIA
https://www.hellenicshippingnews.com/weekly-us-coal-production-totals-10-7-million-st-down-20-5-on-year-eia/

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特斯拉正在研究透過分散式太陽能搭配儲能模式來革新現有電網調度技術。（02/17/2020 Electrek 、新浪新聞中心）

據Electrek報導，特斯拉正在研究「可擴展的分級能源分配網格」技術，這可能會徹底改變電網分配太陽能的方式。到目前為止，特斯拉的能源部門，主要涉及部署分散式太陽能發電和能源存儲資產。

　　但是去年，特斯拉CEO馬斯克表示，「特斯拉能源正在成為分散式全球公共事業，可能超過汽車業務」。特斯拉現在計劃優化所有的太陽能和能源資產，為用戶及電網獲取更多的價值。

Tesla is working on technology to revolutionize the electrical grid with distributed solar power (Fred Lambert
- Feb. 17th 2020 2:35 pm ET)

Tesla is working on technology for “a scalable hierarchical energy distribution grid” that could revolutionize how the electrical grid distributes solar power.



To date, Tesla’s energy division, Tesla Energy, mostly involved deploying distributed solar power and energy storage assets.

But last year, CEO Elon Musk said that “Tesla Energy is becoming a distributed global utility and could outgrow the automotive business“:

Tesla Energy is going to be a major part of Tesla’s activity in the future. And Tesla’s mission from the beginning has been to accelerate the advent of sustainable energy — that means sustainable energy generation and sustainable energy consumption in the form of electric vehicles.

Tesla plans to optimize all the solar and energy assets that it is installing at its customers’ homes in order to get as much value for them and the electric grid.

In a new patent application, Tesla describes the problem:

Despite the advantages associated with integrating grid-connected PV energy generation with onsite energy storage, there are a number of challenges that make it difficult to efficiently deploy and control such integrated systems, particularly on a large, distributed scale. For example, it is tremendously difficult to attempt to control large numbers of energy generation and/or storage systems installed at various sites (in various geographic locations) utilizing differing device types that may have different capabilities, differing grid requirements, differing weather conditions, differing energy pricing schemes, etc.

They explain that “there is a need for efficient, intelligent, adaptive control systems for energy generation and/or storage systems.”

In the new patent application, Tesla describes its new technology for “a scalable hierarchical energy distribution grid utilizing homogeneous control logic”:

Techniques are disclosed for implementing a scalable hierarchical energy distribution grid utilizing homogeneous control logic are disclosed that provide distributed, autonomous control of a multitude of sites in an energy system using abstraction and aggregation techniques. A hierarchical energy distribution grid utilizing homogeneous control logic is provided that includes multiple control modules arranged in a hierarchy. Each control module can implement a same energy optimization scheme logic to directly control site energy resources and possibly energy resources of sites associated with control modules existing below it in the hierarchy. Each control module can act autonomously through use a similar set of input values to the common optimization scheme logic.

Electrek’s Take

From my understanding, Tesla is trying to deploy systems to automate demand management in order to more accurately match it with its distributed energy assets, both generation (solar power) and storage (Powerwall), at scale.

With Tesla deploying more solar power, especially since introducing its subscription model that doesn’t require any money down and only monthly payments, much like a regular electric utility, the company is getting a lot of data that could help it optimize those systems.

This could lead to some new pricing models that could have a massive impact on the electric utility business.

完整內容請見：
https://electrek.co/2020/02/17/tesla-technology-revolutionize-electric-grid/

https://tech.sina.cn/2020-02-18/detail-iimxxstf2279456.d.html

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今天很歡喜地跟大家分享一些非常有代表性，意義重大的全球各國能源轉型的最新實際成果以及前景、趨勢預測分析圖表。 <3

What’s Behind the World’s Biggest Climate Victory? Capitalism （09/16/2019 Bloomberg）

★ 部分節譯：

Solar and Wind Take Off as Coal Fades Away
當太陽能發電與風力發電急起直追，燃煤發電開始黯然退場中

The chief executive of the world’s largest private coal company sat before a group of U.S. lawmakers who wanted to know whether the fuel had a future. He didn’t hesitate. “Coal,” he said, “is the future.”

全世界最大的私有採煤公司的執行長，在美國國會面對一群國會議員質問有關燃煤發電是否還有將來的提問時，煤業執行長毫不猶豫地回答：“燃煤發電才是未來的主流。”

It was 2010. Coal supplied nearly half of America’s power, the executive testified, and was growing more than 1.5 times faster than oil, natural gas, nuclear and renewables combined. Global demand was on pace to rise 53% within two decades. And renewable energy? Not an option. “Wind and solar comprise just 1% of today’s U.S. energy mix,” Gregory Boyce, then the chief executive of Peabody Energy Corp., told the members of Congress. “It is unrealistic to suggest that renewables could replace conventional baseload fuels.”

那是2010的事情了。這位煤業執行長繼續指出，當時燃煤發電幾乎佔了全美電力供應量的一半佔比，而且燃煤發電廠在電力市場的市佔率成長之快，超過燃油發電、燃氣發電，核能發電以及再生能源發電加總起來的1.5倍。當時的預測為，在未來的二十年間全球對於煤炭的需求量，將比2010年時期成長53%。

那麼再生能源發電呢？這位煤業集團的執行長，Peabody 能源集團的 Gregory Boyce 直接了當的告訴這群國會議員，再生能源不是可行的選項。當時 Gregory Boyce 的理由是：“風力發電與太陽能發電加總起來的發電量，（當時）只佔全美電力供應量的區區1%佔比。“ Gregory Boyce 對國會議員表示 ”他認為再生能源可以取代傳統基載電力的燃料是不切實際的看法。“

Not quite. This April, for the first time ever, renewable energy supplied more power to America’s grid than coal—the clearest sign yet that solar and wind can now go head-to-head with fossil fuels. In two-thirds of the world, they’ve become the cheapest forms of power.

可惜事實並非如此。到了今年的四月份（2019），美國再生能源併網的發電量已經在史上第一次的超越了燃煤發電的發電量了 － 這是截至目前為止顯示太陽能光電和風力發電已經能夠在市場上跟化石能源發電一決勝負的最清楚的一個跡象。在全球其他三分之二的地區，再生能源也已經成為最便宜的發電型態。

Solar and wind will power half the globe by 2050, based on BloombergNEF forecasts. By that time, coal and nuclear will have all but disappeared in the U.S., forced out by cheaper renewables and natural gas.

根據專門追中研究全球能源產業趨勢的 BNEF (彭博新能源財經研究機構)所做的預測，太陽能發電和風力發電在2050年的時候，將可供應全球一半的電力需求量。到時候，因為不敵更加便宜經濟的各種再生能源發電與燃氣發電的強力競爭，使得燃煤發電與核能發電在美國電業市場幾近消失殆盡。

Solar and Wind Take Off as Coal Fades Away
當太陽能發電與風力發電急起直追，燃煤發電開始黯然退場中

The market triumph of renewable energy marks the biggest victory yet in the fight against global warming. Solar and wind are proliferating not because of moral do-gooders but because they’re now the most profitable part of the power business in most of the world. An industry that once relied on heavy subsidies and was propped up by government mandates is now increasingly standing on its own.

再生能源在市場上的勝利標示了全球在對抗全球暖化的努力中一項最大的勝利。太陽能發電與風力發電在全球各地如雨後春筍般的擴增，其最主要因素，並不是因為環保、道德人士的善心義舉所致，而是因為再生能源目前已經成為全世界絕大多數地區的電力產業中最為有利可圖的市場機制所導致的。這個早期一度依賴政府補貼以及政策強制規定支撐的新興產業，目前已經越來越可以憑藉自身的競爭力在市場中展現競爭力。

As a recent United Nations report put it: The renewable energy sector is “looking all grown up.”

正如一份聯合國最新公布的研究報告指出的：“再生能源部門看起來正在全面成長中。”

In the effort to slow climate change, the energy sector matters. Electricity generation has traditionally been the world’s biggest source of greenhouse-gas emissions. In the U.S., for the first time since the 1970s, this is no longer the case. Since 2016, American power plants have given off less carbon dioxide than the nation’s transportation sector, where oil continues to dominate. The turnabout owes a lot to cheap and cleaner-burning natural gas, but wind and solar farms are playing an increasingly important role.

在我們減緩氣候變遷的努力中，能源部門事關重大。電力生產在傳統上是全世界最大的各種溫室效應氣體排放來源。在美國來說，自從1970年代以來，目前是第一次出現電力生產已經不再是全美最大溫室氣體排放來源的狀況。

自從2016年開始，美國的電力部門二氧化碳的排放量，已經比仍然高度仰賴石油為燃料的交通運輸部門來得少了。這樣的轉變，在相當程度上歸因於大量便宜而且燃燒排放更加乾淨的天然瓦斯發電，但風力發電與太陽能發電也扮演著日益重要的角色。

Solar, wind and hydropower resources combined generate more than a quarter of the world’s electricity. In China and India that share will surpass 60% by 2050, BNEF estimates show, and Europe will top 90%.

太陽能、風力以及水力這三項再生能源的發電量加總起來佔了全球電力需求的超過25%佔比。在BNEF的研究報告中顯示，在中國和印度，這三項再生能源發電量的佔比到了2050年將超過60%，而在歐洲將達到90%佔比。

Renewable energy won’t save the world on its own. Power generation accounts for about a quarter of greenhouse-gas emissions being released into the atmosphere in the U.S. The rest comes mainly from transportation, manufacturing, agriculture and heating and cooling homes and businesses.

光靠再生能源無法完成拯救全世界的任務。電力生產佔了美國排放溫室效應氣體到大氣環境中的四分之一的排放量，其餘的排放量主要來自交通運輸，工業製程，農業生產，以及住宅與工商業的冷暖氣空調耗能。

Those sectors will need to match the sweeping technological advances and more efficient manufacturing that have slashed the costs of solar and wind power. Battery prices have fallen 84% in less than a decade. Cheaper parts are what have made solar and wind more economical to build than coal and gas plants across two-thirds of the world. Five years ago, by BNEF’s count, this was virtually nowhere.

上述所提的其餘這些部門勢必也將需要做出類似與光電與風電因為大幅技術進步以及更加有效的製程，導致的成本下降的進展，例如儲能電池在過去不到十年當中，價格就已經下滑了84%。

越來越便宜的組件是促成目前在全世界三分之二地區中，蓋太陽能發電和風力發電，比起蓋燃煤發電與燃氣發電更加經濟可行的一大主因。光是在五年之前，就連BNEF自己的研究預測，也認為這是不可能發生的事情（但是現今卻都全部發生了）。

Low costs sparked a clean-power frenzy that has quadrupled global renewable energy capacity to 1,650 gigawatts within the past nine years—more than every power plant in the U.S. combined. From Western Europe to China, solar and wind are beating out fossil-fuel plants without subsidies. Some projects are ditching long-term contracts altogether, relying instead on exotic hedges.

成本下滑激發了全球再生能源發電的開發熱潮，在過去九年之間，全球再生能源的裝置容量就激增了四倍之多，目前達到1,650GW的規模 - 這個規模比美國境內所有發電廠的裝置容量加總起來還要多。

從西歐到中國，太陽能光電與風力發電都已經可以無需貼補就能在市場上擊敗化石燃料發電廠。有些新的再生能源電廠開發計畫還根本就捨去簽訂長期購電合約的模式，轉而採用複雜的財務避險操作來營運。

In the U.S., natural gas remains king of the power mix, accounting for about 40% of the nation’s electricity. But renewable energy’s share is quickly climbing, reaching 25% earlier this year.

在美國，天然氣發電仍然在電力組合佔比中稱王，佔了大約40%的全國電力佔比，但是再生能源發電正急起直追，佔比大幅提升，今年初的時候已經站上了25%佔比的關卡了。

In a sign of where things are headed, solar installers and wind technicians are the two fastest-growing professions in the U.S. Solar now employs more people than any other power source. Wind supports almost as many jobs as gas.

在這種大勢所趨的情況下，太陽能光電安裝技師以及風力維運技師是全美成長最快速的兩種專業職位。太陽能光電產業目前的僱用人數已經超越其他所有發電型態產業所雇用的總人數，而風力發電的就職人數大約跟燃氣發電所雇用的人數相當。

更多詳細資訊請參見原文。

原始資料來源：
Can Renewable Energy Power the World (09/16/2019 Bloomberg)
https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2019-can-renewable-energy-power-the-world/

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