[關於高通反托拉斯法聯邦地院敗訴的幾個簡單重點整理]
1. Qualcomm 已經相當長時間其專利授權收入高於晶片銷售收入(見圖),而此次聯邦地方法院Koh法官的判決恰恰是認定Qualcomm在「專利授權行為上有濫用壟斷地位並限制競爭」的行為,反托拉斯法上一旦被如此認定,等於已經是被定罪。(一般是以Sherman Act §2為主要適用法條)
.....昨天我談過,反托拉斯法本身與專利法是互相扞格的 -\-\ 前者處罰一切試圖以壟斷地為達到反競爭目的的行為,但後者偏偏就是國家授與一壟斷特權,排除非發明者或後發明者進入市場的「反競爭安排(anti-competitiveness arrangements)」。
1998年美國聯邦巡迴法院透過1965年的Noerr-Pennington doctrine,排除了一般反托拉斯法對專利權人主張專利權的適用,但陸續的判決也建立了幾種例外狀況,其中一種就是:專利權人以專利從事非法綑綁銷售行為(illegal tying)。
2000年時聯邦巡迴法院更曾表示:「擁有合法專利並不意味著專利權人於專利權合法壟斷權以外的領域同樣免於Sherman Act的約束 (…The possession of a valid patent or patents does not give the patentee any exemption from the provisions of the Sherman Act beyond the limits of the patent monopoly.)」.....
以上為節錄,全文請見:
http://yuanyu.idv.tw/…/%e9%97%9c%e6%96%bc%e9%ab%98%e9%80%9…/
同時也有10000部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過2,910的網紅コバにゃんチャンネル,也在其Youtube影片中提到,...
「possession用法」的推薦目錄:
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possession用法 在 Eric's English Lounge Facebook 的最佳貼文
[詞彙區別] people, individual, persons, human, man, mankind, humankind 的區別:
在寫作的時候,有些同學為了避免重複使用相同的詞彙,卻選用了意義上不盡相同的單字,而無法精確地表達出自己所想傳達的想法。這問題很可能來自於考生平時在語言學習上過於依賴中英翻譯,因此考生在不夠了解某些一字多義的詞彙的情況下,很容易造成讀者的誤解。舉例來說,spend vs. cost vs. take (花費),borrow vs. lend vs. loan (借),這些字的中譯都很非常類似,以中文為母語的考生在使用上,只要稍微一不注意,就容易錯誤使用。甚至有些考生會以offspring (子孫; 後代) 來代替 children (小孩),我們若是查字典了解其義,就會知道 offspring 比較常出現在正式的科學用法上,泛指動物的後代及植物的幼苗。
為了幫助同學增加詞彙量並且精確地在口說和寫作上使用這些字。我會用使用一個新的同義字系列清楚地區分這些類似的字並幫助同學們在文章中正確地使用它們。同學們也應該在使用這些字之前先查查字典,以了解這些字的使用方式。
People 的同義字
★★★human (human being) ★★★
我們使用human being這個字來強調我們和動物的不同。 We used human being to stress our difference from animals or aliens (in science fiction).
1. Dogs can hear much better than humans.
2. That is no way to treat another human being.
★★★man★★★
我們用man這個字來指男性、全部的人類、或指特定某一時代的人類。 We used man to talk about adult male human or humans as a group (or humans from a particular period of history).
1. The relationships between men and women are often complex and puzzling.
2. This is one of the worst diseases known to man.
3. Man had caused considerable damage to the environment.
4. Being a modern man today is no different than it was a century ago. It’s all about adhering to principle.
★★★mankind★★★
我們用mankind這個字來強調全部人類這個概念。 We used mankind when we talk about all humans as one large group.
1. Pollution is something that harms mankind across the globe, and disasters like war and famine have affected mankind all through our history.
*Man和mankind傳統上一直是用來指所有的男性和女性。很多人現在偏好使用humanity這個字和humankind來避掉性別歧視的問題。
Man and mankind have traditionally been used to mean “all men and women.” Many people now prefer to use humanity, the human race, human beings or people to avoid being sexist. Humankind is used as a gender neutral alternative to “mankind.”
★★★person★★★
person這個字是指人的單數。A person in the singular to refer to any human being.
1. He was a very nice person, always pleasant and friendly.
Persons 是 person的複數,是一個在文件或法律條文中使用的單字。
Persons (plural) is a very formal word. We only use it in rather legalistic contexts:
1. Any person or persons found in possession of illegal substances will be prosecuted.
2. The police are looking for three separate persons who were in this area.
People 也是person的複數,可指所有的人類或特定狀況中的一群人。它也可以指所有的國民。
People can refer to all human beings, or to a group of persons in a particular situation. It can also mean "all the citizens," as in a political leader who understands the needs of the people.
1. There were at least a thousand people in the audience.
2. The people are tired of hearing political rhetoric! They want action, not talk.
★★★individual★★★
我們用individual來強調個人以和團體做區隔。We used individual to stress that a person considered separately rather than as part of a group.
1. Every individual has rights which must never be taken away.
2. Three separate individuals walked into my store.
除了以上的用法,同學也可以用代名詞 (e.g. everyone, they) 來替換”人們” 這個單字,也可以用形容詞來更明確的指出某一群人(e.g. most, some, a few, all)。
Summary:
✎ 通常會用"people"這個詞彙來指稱一般的社會大眾;另一方面,如果想要去強調一個團體當中的每個人,則會使用"individuals"。
✎ 想要將所有人類當成一個大族群去做論述的時候,通常只會用"mankind/humankind"或是"the human race/human beings"等詞彙。
✎ 想要去強調一個人的人性面時,通常會用"human being"。
E.g. How could you do this to another human being? He has rights!
✎撰寫科學性質的相關文章時,才會運用到"Homo sapiens"。
https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=443676912389120
Sources:
http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/
http://www.ldoceonline.com/
http://www.merriam-webster.com/
http://www.vocabulary.com/
possession用法 在 喬的英文筆記 Joe's English Learning Notes Facebook 的精選貼文
<深入探討字彙系列- ”subject”>
喬今天要分享的是常用字”subject”的深入探討。很多人都看過這字彙,但深入探討會發現其用法有一定學問。喬今天就來跟各位同學分享subject的用法:
☛ subject (adj.) 容易受到…影響的; 受到…支配的; 附屬的; 以…為條件
▲ be subject to
[1] 可能受…影響 = be susceptible to
e.g. She always claims she is subject to misfortune.
她總是主張自己可能受到不幸的影響
[2] 取決於; 視…而定
e.g. Whether the article is to publish is subject to your approval.
這文章是否要發布取決於你的允許
[3] 受到…支配; 服從於
e.g. The possession of nuclear weapons are subject to government.
核子武器的持有受到政府的支配
☛ subject (V.) 使服從; 使隸屬; 使受到; 使遭到
▲ be subjected to
[1] 被納入; 服從於; 順從於
e.g. Most of the European countries were subjected to the Roman Empire in the past.
過去大多數的歐洲國家都曾順從於羅馬帝國
[2] 遭受
e.g. Caroline was subjected to Max’s scolding.
凱瑞萊遭受到麥克斯的指責
☛ subject (n.)
[1] 主題; 話題; 問題; 題目;
[the thing which is being discussed]
e.g. Our subject for discussion is homelessness.
我們討論的話題是無家可歸問題
e.g. She has made a series of documentaries on the subject of family relationship.
她拍攝了一系列以家庭關係為題材的紀錄片
e.g. The guest lecturer took as her subject ‘punishment and imprisonment in modern society’.
特別講師演講的題目是「現在社會的刑罰與監禁」
e.g. The number of planes flying over the town has been the subject of concern since last summer.
自從去年夏天開始,從小鎮上空飛過的飛機數量一直讓人忐忑不安
[2] 學科; 科目; 專業
[an area of knowledge which is studied in school, college or university]
e.g. My favorite subjects in school were history and geography.
唸書時我最喜歡的科目是歷史跟地理
[3] 受試者
(以上字典參考自 dictionary.cambridge.org )
possession用法 在 籃球、美式足球...等都是。紅襪隊當初結束86年詛咒 - Facebook 的推薦與評價
馬上來看看官網報導這個漏接,學習有關「裁決」的一些單字用法! ... "Replays clearly showed that Kozma never had possession of the ball" ... <看更多>
possession用法 在 [請益] possession用法- 看板Eng-Class - 批踢踢實業坊 的推薦與評價
Any confidential company documents in your _____ must be securely locked in you
a. possession
b. possessing
c. possessions
d. possesses
答案是A
這裡有個疑問
Any後應該接可數名詞且為複數
possession有所有和所有物兩個意思
前者為不可數名詞
後者為可數名詞
解答是寫:
複數形,且語尾沒有-s的不可數名詞!?
我認為是C ,possessions才對
請指教...
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※ 編輯: home10272 (118.160.22.214), 05/31/2017 21:50:19
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