#農聞分享 《上下游》報導紅豆使用固殺草安全性評估的三大誤解
▍農藥標準誰制定?
怎麼制定?
『(選擇數據的資料來源必需包含)一、符合人類常態暴露途徑(口服、皮膚與呼吸)
二、依據相關國際毒理試驗指引執行;
三、具備一定品質(如優良實驗室操作Good Laboratory Practice, GLP;...
《上下游》新聞報導使用不恰當的評估步驟加以論述...,此會造成對固殺草安全性評估的第一大項誤解。
▍大家都引用實驗室數據,有沒有毒誰說了算?
『(上下游報導)把體外試驗結果直接與對人體反應畫上等號,是對固殺草安全性評估的第二大項誤解。...
動物試驗的劑量單位mg/kg是指在過程中以小鼠鼻內投予的途徑,對於「動物」每公斤體重所暴露到毫克的單位劑量,
而比較的田間施用稀釋濃度2~3000 ppm,是指在田間試驗對於「植物」施用時藥劑配製稀釋的濃度,單位為毫克/升(mg/L),非人體直接暴露濃度,
兩者之單位及使用方式皆不同,無法直接換算,亦無法直接比較並連結其危害風險。』
▍實驗數據說農藥有毒,我要相信誰?
『...劑量決定毒性,比如日常食入過量鹽巴也曾有導致人類死亡的案例...,或者一次突然喝下大量的水..,都可能會產生胃腸不舒服或水中毒等症狀,
因此任何物質在特定條件途徑及極高劑量暴露下都有產生毒害作用的潛在風險。
倘若未經完整常規毒理評估流程的判讀結果,缺乏毒理學知識及語言的誤解判讀,可能造成民眾不必要的恐慌。』
●點擊連結看完整報導
https://www.agriharvest.tw/archives/43462?fbclid=IwAR1cSCCwWLPy2YvYQp49wCkFDb4KOb87zLaXpPm_X6Fr7XbeTwDBEgN47Zc
ಠ_ಠ蹲田編:如果說「因為廠商花錢做檢測,所以數據不可信」,那有機驗證的業者也都不能信了,畢竟大家都是自己花錢申請通過驗證標章。更何況,驗證都需要第三方機構背書,這也是法規制定時為什麼需有GLP認證的實驗室作為資料依據的原因。
「ppm mg/kg」的推薦目錄:
- 關於ppm mg/kg 在 科技農報 Facebook 的最讚貼文
- 關於ppm mg/kg 在 家醫/職醫_陳崇賢醫師 Facebook 的最佳解答
- 關於ppm mg/kg 在 Mordeth13 Facebook 的精選貼文
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ppm mg/kg 在 家醫/職醫_陳崇賢醫師 Facebook 的最佳解答
【職業醫學】~ 環境消毒藥劑
相信大家一定有遇過環保局定期的環境消毒,熱煙霧機發出低鳴,伴隨著煙霧瀰漫;隔天就會發現地上滿滿的蟑螂屍體。
有人經過時,會不會擔心吸了一些煙霧進去,身體是不是會有中毒的反應。
還是會有人和我一樣好奇是噴了什麼藥劑嗎?因為剛好有接環境清潔公司的臨場服務,所以去了解一下環境消毒,今天就來談談囉。
常見的環境消毒方式有兩種:
A. 《熱噴》(也就是上面陳述的那種)
也稱為「空間噴灑」,以『合成除蟲菊酯類』、助煙劑搭配熱煙霧機機具使用。
適合環境如水溝、側溝或較不通風等環境。
B. 《水噴》
亦稱為「殘效噴灑」,以『有機磷藥劑』,搭配背負式水噴機、車載式水噴機等機具使用。
適合開放式環境,可針對潮濕、陰暗、不通風之喬木或灌木或草叢周邊環境。
※ 可以發現,主要使用的藥劑為『合成除蟲菊酯類』&『有機磷藥劑』。
而在人口密集的都會區,會比較常看到熱噴法;因為除蟲菊酯類殺蟲劑對哺乳類動物的急毒性較有機磷為低,但是卻對於昆蟲的殺滅效果極佳。
合成的除蟲菊酯,對於昆蟲的殺傷力遠大於人類(2250 倍),這是因為昆蟲的鈉離子通道敏感度高於人類、個體體積較小而且體溫較低所致。
而且除蟲菊雖然具有高脂溶性,但是很容易被代謝因此不易在體內形成累積毒性效應,受到陽光照射很容易被分解 (所以噴藥往往在晚上),在水中也會被分解成無毒的產物,但在土壤中的半衰期可達 1~2 小時。
也因為安全劑量高,要擔心的反而是在噴藥的工作人員;只是路過而已,先不用自己嚇自己囉。
※ 毒性反應:
〖除蟲菊酯〗
當短時間內由空氣、食物、或水中暴露到很高濃度的除蟲菊素和類除蟲菊素殺蟲劑這類的化合物 時,可能會導致頭暈、頭痛、噁心、肌肉抽搐、降低活力、意識改變、抽搐或意識喪失等症狀。暴露高濃度的菊酯類農藥後,精神狀態的變化可能會持續數天。
美國職業安全與健康管理局(OSHA)規定每8小時輪班及一週40小時的工作場所中,空氣中的除蟲菊素的限值為5 mg/m3。美國環保署(U.S. EPA)建議10種類除蟲菊素每人每日攝食量,暴露限值定為0.005-0.05 mg/kg/day。美國環保署已訂定了各種食物殘留除蟲菊素及各種類除蟲菊素的範圍為0.01-75 ppm。
〖有機磷〗
很多農藥的OO松、XX松,都是這一類的。
中毒的途徑主要以口服為主,原因可能是誤食或自殺。另外,噴灑農藥時不慎吸入,也會經皮膚或眼睛的接觸造成中毒。
嚴重時可能會產生:昏迷、抽搐、呼吸困難、口吐白沫、肺水腫、瞳孔縮小、大小便失禁、驚厥、呼吸麻痺等。其中呼吸抑制為主要致死原因。
#恭喜大家又學會了一個不知何時用得上的冷知識
#其實噴藥時經過不用太焦慮_作業人員中毒的風險比較高
ppm mg/kg 在 Mordeth13 Facebook 的精選貼文
I find this interesting and scary. Can any of you ease my mind and dispel this?
Mercury Myth: Only a trace amount of thimerosal is used when added to vaccines.
Truth: Thimerosal is added at a concentration of 1:10000. That is equivalent to 100,000 parts per billion (ppb). Half of thimerosal (C9H9HgNaO2S) is mercury. That makes 50,000 ppb mercury in the vaccine.
• 2 ppb mercury is the mandated limit in drinking water
• 200 ppb mercury in liquid waste renders it a toxic hazard
• 25,000 ppb is found in infant flu shots
• 50,000 ppb is found in regular flu shots — recommended for children, pregnant women, the elderly...
In different terms, there are 250,000 nanomolars Hg in a 0.5 ml flu shot.
It only takes 4 nM Hg to cause failure in the dendrites responsible for immune response and to cause cell death in brain neurons.
Thimerosal is toxic to developing neurons at 1 nM (1 ppb).
In other words, exceptionally low levels of thimerosal can impede neuron growth and function without actually killing the neurons.
http://www.vaccinesafety.edu/thi-table.htm
Myth: Ethylmercury from a vaccine is less toxic than methylmercury from fish or the environment.
Truth: A paper published in 2005 showed that baby primates injected with ethylmercury retain twice as much inorganic mercury in their brains as primates exposed to equal amounts of ingested methylmercury.
Both are forms of organic mercury. Organic converts to inorganic inside cells and becomes trapped. The cells start failing.
Here is a video of mercury's effect on neurons.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XU8nSn5Ezd8
Here is a table of thimerosal content in currently licensed vaccines according to the FDA.
http://www.vaccinesafety.edu/thi-table.htm
The table lists 'trace amounts' of thimerosal ranging from 0.00012% to 0.0033%.
That's equivalent to 1,200 ppb to 33,000 ppb.
Research shows thimerosal is toxic to neurons at 1 ppb.
Those 'trace amounts' are still 4 to 5 orders of magnitude higher.
Other vaccines are listed as ‘thimerosal-free’ or ‘mercury-free’.
But thimerosal is still used in the production process for many of those vaccines, after which an effort is made to filter it out.
Unfortunately the mercury has already bonded to proteins used in the vaccines and cannot be completely removed.
There is no safe level of mercury exposure.
http://www.fda.gov/…/SafetyAvailab…/VaccineSafety/UCM096228…
In 2004 the CDC's Chief of the Organic Analytical Toxicology Branch gave a presentation to the Institute of Medicine (IOM).
On page 21 he showed the following chemicals linked to Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) — thimerosal, thalidomide, lead, ethanol, valproic acid, and retinoids.
Some more math
So how much does “trace” mean? According to the CDC, it says less than or equal to 0.3mcg per dose.
Also the math on how many ppb in a “thimerosal free” vaccine:
0.3 mcg / 0.5mL =
0.3 mcg / .0005L =
…3,000 mcg / 5L =
600 mcg / L
1 mg/KG = 1 PPM (formal definition of PPM)
1 L = 1 KG (density of water or saline solution)
1 mcg/L = 1 PPB (because 1 KG and 1 L of water are equivalent)
THEREFORE:
600 mcg / L =
600 ppb Thimerosal in the “thimerosal-free” vaccine
Flu vaccine has “only” 25 mcg Thimerosal. The shot is 0.5mL. Let’s do some math:
25 mcg / 0.5mL =
25 mcg / .0005L =
250,000 mcg / 5L =
50,000 mcg / L
1 mcg / L = 1 ppb, therefore
The shot has 50,000 ppb of Thimerosal
Remember that 2 ppb mercury is the mandated limit in drinking water and normally 200 ppb would label something a toxic hazard.
So, in THIS study the reality shows that even though ethyl mercury may be excreted and or detoxed faster than methyl mercury, actually they both are potentially neuro-toxic and well potentially cumulative. How much ethyl mercury is left in the brain and other organs of the body, ir-regardless of the rate of assumed detox?
Arch Toxicol. 1985 Sep;57(4):260-7.
The comparative toxicology of ethyl- and methyl mercury.
Magos L, Brown AW, Sparrow S, Bailey E, Snowden RT, Skipp WR
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4091651
‘Mercury is known to be neurotoxic and has effects on the immune system as well. Mast cells are involved in allergic reactions, and also in inflammation, and innate and acquired immunity. Autistic individuals have a 10-fold greater number of hyperactive mast cells in most tissues. Mercury stimulates vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin (IL)-6 release from mast cells. These mediators could disrupt the blood–brain barrier and cause brain inflammation (Kempuraj et al., 2010)’ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850891/
http://www.sailhome.org/Concerns/Vaccines/Thimerosal.html
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