TỔNG HỢP TỪ ĐỒNG NGHĨA PHỔ BIẾN TRONG IELTS WRITING TASK 1 [Kèm bài tập + đáp án chi tiết]
PHẦN TỪ ĐỒNG NGHĨA
- the percentage of ... ≈ the proportion of ...: tỷ lệ ...
- to rise rapidly ≈ to experience a rapid increase: tăng nhanh
- to decrease slowly ≈ to see a slow decline: giảm chậm
- the chart ≈ the line graph/ the pie chart/ the bar chart/ the table/ the process/ ...: biểu đồ ...
- to show ≈ to compare/ illustrate/ give information on/ show key data on ...: thế hiện/ so sánh ...
- the 0 to 14 age group ≈ children aged 14 or under ≈ the youngest group: nhóm tuổi từ 0 tới 14
- the 30 to 50 age group ≈ people aged 30 to 50 ≈ people between the ages of 30 and 50: nhóm tuổi từ 30 tới 50
- the populations of ... ≈ the demographics of ...: dân số của ...
- By contrast, ... ≈ ... illustrate a different pattern: Ngược lại, .../ ... thể hiện xu hướng trái ngược
- Similarly, ... ≈ show a similar pattern: Tương tự vậy, .../ ... thể hiện xu hướng tương tự
while ... ≈ whilst ... ≈ whereas ...: trong khi ...
- in terms of ... ≈ regarding ... ≈ Looking at ..., it can be seen that ...: Khi nói về ...
- over the given period ≈ during this time frame: trong suốt giai đoạn nào đó
- over a 10-year period ≈ over a period of 10 years: trong giai đoạn 10 năm
- from 1990 to 2000 ≈ between 1990 and 2000: từ năm 1990 tới 2000
- in 1990 and 2000 ≈ in two different years, 1990 and 2000: trong 2 năm, 1990 và 2000
- beginning with collecting ... ≈ starting with the collection of ...: bắt đầu bằng việc thu thập ...
- ending with ... being packaged ... ≈ ending at the packing stage: kết thúc ở giai đoạn đóng gói
- to be transported to ... ≈ to be delivered to ...: được vận chuyển tới ...
- the life cycle of ... ≈ the development of ...: vòng đời/ sự phát triển của con gì
PHẦN BÀI TẬP + ĐÁP ÁN page mình xem tại đây nhé: https://ielts-nguyenhuyen.com/20-cum-tu-dong-nghia-trong-ielts-writing-task-1/
Chúc page mình học tốt nè <3
#ieltsnguyenhuyen
同時也有588部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過6萬的網紅Herman Yeung,也在其Youtube影片中提到,動物維持生命的活動 Note download 筆記下載 : https://hermanutube.blogspot.hk/2016/01/youtube-pdf.html -------------------------------------------------------------...
「process development」的推薦目錄:
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process development 在 91 敏捷開發之路 Facebook 的最佳解答
【從學員練習影片觀察到一個關於 TDD 的有趣現象】
極速開發的課後練習作業,雖說重點是放在極速開發要學習的技巧與刻意練習的模型,但開發的方式、順序也是刻意安排成類似 TDD 的進行方式,來讓生產力最大化(TDD 本來就是幫助開發的,不是幫助測試的)
我從2位第一次上我課的學員(當然就是 #極速開發,代表他們沒上過#單元測試 跟 #TDD與持續重構),雖然他們是照著示範影片、上課教學用 TDD 在寫整個 tennis 的過程,但從他們執行測試的時間點就可以發現:
「他是用測試來驗證 production code 的正確性」,即使他先寫了測試,也不先執行,沒有看到紅燈,每次都等到 production code 寫完了,應該要綠燈時,才執行測試。
而其他上過 TDD 課的同學 ,或是上過單元測試的同學,知道測試是用來描述情境,如果現在「加入的這個情境是新的需求或需求異動,代表目前 production code 還不支援這個情境,執行測試跑出的紅燈,就是等等 production code 要完成的 #目標」
test-frist 從來都只是 TDD 其中一個小小的衍生產物,而不是全貌。TDD, 測試驅動開發 從來都是一種開發方法,而不是測試方法。
總有些人老愛把 TDD 拿來跟測試相提並論,就總是喜歡把 test-first 當作靶子打,覺得違反人性跟直覺,覺得先寫測試在很多情況下是浪費時間或是不 work,可能拿來跟一堆測試的方法論相提並論,或總是只拿回歸測試的效益來當作 TDD 的整體。抑或是陷入 isolation unit test 與 integration test (其實就是非 isolation 等級、有實際依賴的自動測試)之爭。
```
註:TDD 事實上是可以不是單元測試等級的。
```
要比較正確看待 TDD 的角度,首先要知道它是幫助開發的、它是一種開發方式(當然不是唯一一種,甚至也不會是最好的一種,因為根本沒有最好,只有剛好)
接著要了解 TDD 可能用 IPO 模型還比較貼切,input-process-output,在你開發任何功能之前,你總要先想過這件事。而先想這件事,才是 TDD 的最基本精神。
接著是怎麼把你想好的東西,變成可執行的 spec,我們只是用測試程式來「描述」你腦袋中的「IPO模型」,把 process 的過程當作一個黑箱子。
而這個 IPO 模型在結合成「使用情境」,就會帶來「高易用性 API 的好處」,只有在一開始就先想好怎麼給別人用,最後才會好用。所謂的一開始想好,指的不是預先設計一堆 class,而是 input/output 想清楚期待(一般會結合實例化需求,搭配 Given/When/Then 的 gherkin style 來把前置條件、資料、前提想好,當發生什麼事,應該是怎樣的結果),然後描述它。在紅燈定義清楚目標,綠燈完成 input/output 關係且沒弄壞前面的所有情境後,來針對 process 進行重構(事實上 Kent Beck 的 TDD by Example 更多是用 refactor 來 #完成 process。
```
註:所謂的 output 不一定只有回傳值,包含外部依賴狀態、資料的改變,甚至顆粒度小一點,針對物件導向設計的話,物件內部狀態的改變也算,只是物件內部狀態改變,驗證點要嘛是拿得到內部狀態,要嘛就是要驗證物件哪個行為會因這個內部狀態而有所不同。
```
## 戰 TDD 之前該先做好的功課
要戰 TDD,是不是至少要把 Kent Beck 的 TDD by Example 看完?
要戰 TDD,請不要拿它跟測試方法論來比,那只是一下就被人看破手腳。因為它是個開發方法論。
要戰 TDD,請不要把它的好處只限縮在跟回歸測試、自動測試的比較,因為那只是它的衍生好處,當你試過在白海報紙上 TDD 就懂,TDD 是在釐清你的思緒的同時,又可以以終為始,確保你在 production code 的每一個動作都是為了滿足某個期待的情境。
要戰 TDD,請不要去把 單元測試、整合測試捲進來,那是測試的顆粒度,那是測試的分類,TDD 從來都不是只能限於單元測試。
要戰 TDD,請不要在那邊戰他是 bottom-up ,是直接從程式/class 的角度出發,事實上 TDD 既不是 bottom-up, 也不是 top-down, (書裡面就有講這件事咩),實務上的 TDD 結合倫敦派(GOOS)跟芝加哥派(Classic TDD),會更像 Outside-In 的進行方式,先定義好驗收情境,接著從最外部(也就是使用者看得到的部份)一路把依賴往另一邊的系統邊界推,直到推到系統以外的依賴資源(persistence 或 external API/service)
```
註: ATDD by Example 中 ATDD by Example, Kent Beck 寫的序最後的一段話。
Kent Beck:
「就像我曾說過的,TDD的一個缺點是,它可能會退化為一種用來滿足開發人員需求的編程技能。某些開發人員從更廣泛的角度來看待TDD,輕易在他們測試的不同抽象級別間跳躍。然而在ATDD中不存在歧義,這是一種加強與非編程人員溝通的技術。我們之間良好的協作關係,以及作為這種關係基礎的溝通,能夠使軟件開發更有效率。採用ATDD是向著溝通更清晰這個目標邁進的重要一步,而此書是一本全面又平易近人的入門讀物。」
```
要戰 TDD,請不要只關注在 test-frist,因為他只是用 test 來幫助你 think-first,不要邊寫邊想。然後不要過份依賴或相信你腦袋的能力,把你想好的東西具體化出來,最好可以被直接執行,最好除了你以外每個人執行出來的結果都會一樣(不管是對的,還是錯的)
要戰 TDD, 請不要把論點放在見樹不見林,如果你有看 TDD by Example 的 Part 1, Part 2 那兩個加起來共 24 個章節,就知道一開始就得把當下想到的全貌紀錄在一個「紙本」的 backlog (所謂的紙本,只是要講這並不依賴於任何工具)
而這個需求輪廓的全貌,會隨著你逐漸完成一部分一部分的情境,設計逐漸浮現後,而隨時跟著增減調整。
但不代表 TDD 就是先想到一個測試案例,就直接先幹下去了,那根本是亂搞。
以上這些,都還不是在列 TDD 的好處,而是針對那些從來沒搞懂 TDD 但又愛戰 TDD 的人一點提醒,你戰的很可能是「你誤解的 TDD」。
TDD 還有許多實務上的用途,列上我在譯者序中的一小段:
>> 測試驅動開發(Test-Driven Development, TDD)!一種以測試為開發輔助、以測試來描述需求情境、以測試來當作目標、以測試來表達期望、以測試來驗證疑問、以測試來實驗學習、以測試來溝通協作、以測試來協助設計高易用性 API 的「開發方法」。
譯者序有開放給大家看,請見:https://tdd.best/book/tdd-by-example/
拜託,要戰之前去看一下祖師爺 Kent Beck 對 TDD 的原始見解:https://www.tenlong.com.tw/products/9789864345618?list_name=srh
如果你想正確的使用 TDD 來幫助你在實務上產生許多的價值,帶來許多的好處,尤其是需求釐清、持續重構、小步快跑的部份,最好理解的培訓課就在這:https://tdd.best/courses/classic-tdd-by-example-video-training/
最後我想講一段話:
TDD 從來都不該被導入到團隊中,但它是一種很好的自我鍛鍊與學習的方式,也是一種能用很低的成本來帶來很多好處的開發方法(見下方註腳),然而它也不是適用所有的情況,但它可以讓『完美』變成一個動詞,而非不變的形容詞。
```
註:
Kent Beck 在 DHH 靠腰:《TDD is Dead》 之後寫的一篇反串文:《RIP TDD》
https://www.facebook.com/notes/1063422864115918/
我幾年前的簡易翻譯,通常也是 TDD 可以幫助你解決的問題,如下:
- Over-engineering (過度設計)
- API feedback (改善API的設計與可用性)
- Logic errors (想的跟寫的不一樣,寫的跟需求不一樣)
- Documentation (寫跟維護文件是痛苦的)
- Feeling overwhelmed (找不到切入點)
- Separate interface from implementation thinking (抽象設計)
- Agreement (確保已修正問題的證據)
- Anxiety (改東壞西的擔心受怕)
```
很久沒對 TDD 發表這種長篇大論了,因為不理解、不想理解、不同角度理解的人居多,能真的到各自的塔上用不同角度來看原義,以及實務上用它來幫助解決的問題有哪些的人,真的太少。
大部分人只想針對這個詞彙來攻訐以博得流量跟吸引目光,而不是想著「我可以用它來幫助我什麼」
問題跟需求是中性的,解決問題跟滿足需求的手段與方式有千萬種,不會只有一種,也不會有所謂的對錯,多點角度去了解不同的方法、方式,然後融會貫通,發揮綜效,在實務上用最少的成本與風險來產生最大的價值,這才是真正的目標。
導入敏捷不該是目標,導入 TDD 也不該是目標,目標永遠都是在實務上產生價值、解決問題、滿足需求。
process development 在 IELTS Nguyễn Huyền Facebook 的最佳貼文
TỔNG HỢP TỪ VỰNG IELTS CHO DẠNG PROCESS TRONG#IELTSWRITING TASK 1
Bài viết tổng hợp các cụm từ hay cho 2 dạng Process: man-made và natural.
🎗PHẦN TỪ VỰNG CHO DẠNG MAN-MADE
- to be dug out of the ground: được đào lên khỏi mặt đất
- to be placed onto a metal grid: được đặt lên 1 vỉ kim loại
- to be put through a roller: được đưa qua băng chuyền
- breaks it into small chunks: đập nó thành những mảnh nhỏ
- to be mixed with: được trộn với
- to be either put in a mould or cut by a wire cutter: hoặc được đưa vào 1 cái khuôn hoặc được cắt bởi 1 cái máy cắt gạch
- well-shaped(adj): có hình dạng đẹp
- to be laid in a drying oven: được đặt vào 1 cái lò nung
- to be then heated in a kiln: được đun nóng trong 1 cái buồng
- moderate temperature: nhiệt độ vừa phải
- to be cooled: được làm nguội
- to be packaged: được đóng gói
- to be transported to…/ to be delivered to …: được vận chuyển đi đâu đó
- to be picked by hand: được hái bằng tay
- to be dried in the sun: được phơi khô dưới ánh nắng mặt trời
- to be sold to …: được bán cho …
- to be harvested: được thu hoạch
🎗PHẦN TỪ VỰNG CHO DẠNG NATURAL
- experience/undergo significant changes: trải qua những thay đổi đáng kể
- pass through three distict physical stages: trải qua ba giai đoạn vật lý khác nhau
- lay a couple of/ a massive number of eggs: đẻ một vài / một số lượng lớn trứng
- begin life as eggs: bắt đầu cuộc sống là những trái trứng
- hatch within 3 to 5 days: nở trong vòng 3 đến 5 ngày
- hatch into …: nở thành con gì
- the hatching process: quá trình nở
- to be … cm in length/ to be … cm long: dài … cm
- vary in size/colours/shapes: đa dạng về kích thước / màu sắc / hình dạng
- to be termed …/ to be commonly called …: được gọi chung là …
- grow to adult size/ grow to maturity/ turn into an adult/ become fully-grown adults: tăng trưởng thành kích thước trưởng thành/ tới giai đoạn trưởng thành
make it to the adult stage: đạt tới giai đoạn trưởng thành
- emerge/appear: xuất hiện
- feeding grounds: khu vực kiếm ăn
- feed on…: ăn cái gì
- external gills/ internal gills: cái mang bên ngoài / cái mang bên trong
- grow the hind legs/ the front legs: mọc chân sau / chân trước
- grow quickly in size/ double in size: phát triển nhanh chóng về kích thước / kích thước gấp đôi
- shed their old skin/ shed their outer layer: thay da cũ / thay lớp ngoài của chúng
- moult several times: thay lông vài lần
- breathe underwater: hít thở dưới nước
- make mass migration across long distances: thực hiện di cư hàng loạt với khoảng cách dài
- the cycle repeats itself/ starts again: chu kỳ lặp lại/ bắt đầu lại
- the life cycle takes/lasts …. days/weeks/…: vòng đời kéo dài …. ngày / tuần / …
- after …days/weeks of development: sau … ngày / tuần phát triển
- normally live for … to … weeks/months/years: thường sống từ … đến … tuần / tháng / năm
- over the course of … days/weeks: trong bao nhiêu ngày / tuần
- to be covered with …: được che phủ, bao phủ bởi …
- build their nests in trees/on the ground: xây dựng tổ của chúng trên cây / trên mặt đất
- under optimal conditions: trong điều kiện tối ưu
- in adverse circumstances: trong các trường hợp bất lợi
PHẦN VÍ DỤ page mình xem tại đây nhé:
https://ielts-nguyenhuyen.com/tu-vung-ielts-writing-task-1-process/
#ieltsnguyenhuyen
process development 在 Herman Yeung Youtube 的最佳解答
動物維持生命的活動
Note download 筆記下載 : https://hermanutube.blogspot.hk/2016/01/youtube-pdf.html
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Biology 所有 videos 的 Playlist 可看:
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzDe9mOi1K8oSnhUSkuaWV9d7FbyJDSPE
分類的 Playlist 可看:
1. Cells and Molecules of Life 細胞與生命分子… https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzDe9mOi1K8pimOHKxXgEB4A7BkIU_fvE
2. Genetics and Evolution遺傳與進化… https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzDe9mOi1K8qxXqviCcE59G2o2S-SZmLz
3A. Essential life processes in plants植物維持生命的活動… https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzDe9mOi1K8oaLqXiViAOyF-wt_wxD62w
3B. Essential life processes in animals動物維持生命的活動… https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzDe9mOi1K8petIdjLSGd9BbyfUcDdHim
3C. Reproduction, growth and development生殖、生長和發育... https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzDe9mOi1K8ramUz1FlN0c8vG47a8qChA
3D. Coordination and response協調和反應… https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzDe9mOi1K8o6aa0bT1nTs5QbaBpJ69W7
3E. Homeostasis體內平衡… https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzDe9mOi1K8qIF_r_7bLzL_gbkzL3NRiZ
3F. Ecosystems 生態系… https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzDe9mOi1K8qHQPt5HmieWo0EjPGnmD81
4. Health and Disease健康與疾病… https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzDe9mOi1K8oWMLSCZvYm_HxnOCnw0ePt
5. Human Physiology: Regulation and Control人體生理學︰調節與控制… https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzDe9mOi1K8r0Af7WKwjPf5Ih3hk4rRpw
6. Applied Ecology應用生物學… https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzDe9mOi1K8rbkiK9KEPGav6_z6otcqA7
7. Microorganisms and Humans微生物與人類… https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzDe9mOi1K8pA3IcS8sxv5JgWHZ0Ifvrk
8. Biotechnology生物工程… https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzDe9mOi1K8oNgT2rFFmtFP_PBDbCqn0N
Notes Only Version : https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzDe9mOi1K8osiwrVWzQRQ9wWCLgZUYS5
Definition 背誦︰
中英對照︰ https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzDe9mOi1K8pgi_VnjcUHByKdnDfPKfDh
純英版︰ https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzDe9mOi1K8qhbqCN5tsVn2DeUqYFzYPV
純中版︰ https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzDe9mOi1K8rAJGqx6SNLcG1WQGTFocOL
HKDSE Biology Past Paper Solution :
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzDe9mOi1K8q0icgpscQYKrWcaywLK7g2
HKCEE Biology Past Paper Solution :
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process development 在 Trainer Nalisa Youtube 的最讚貼文
มาแอบดูกัน ว่า 1 วันของชีวิตแบบโสดๆ
ทำอะไรไปบ้าง…
กดลิงค์เรียนฟรี https://bit.ly/3rQLPis
เพื่อเพิ่มทักษะที่จะสร้างความสุข ความมั่นใจ
จนเดินออกไปได้อย่างสวยงาม
?มาเป็นอีกหนึ่งใน 20,000 กว่าราย
ที่มีชีวิตสวนกระแส... ใครๆ เขาแย่ แต่เรากลับดี
Human Development Process
with Quantum Based Technique
ของคนที่หิวการเติบโต
และมุ่งมั่นกับการพัฒนาตนเอง
เป็นหลักสูตรพัฒนาศักยภาพมนุษย์
ที่มีช่วงอายุคนเรียนกว้างที่สุด
ตั้งแต่วัยรุ่น ยันวัยลุง และวัยเกษียณ
process development 在 Trainer Nalisa Youtube 的精選貼文
ฟังคลิปนี้ หากไม่อยากตกเป็นตัวเลือกของใคร
กดลิงค์เรียนฟรี https://bit.ly/3rQLPis
เพื่อเพิ่มทักษะที่จะสร้างความสุข ความมั่นใจ
จนเดินออกไปได้อย่างสวยงาม
?มาเป็นอีกหนึ่งใน 20,000 กว่าราย
ที่มีชีวิตสวนกระแส... ใครๆ เขาแย่ แต่เรากลับดี
Human Development Process
with Quantum Based Technique
ของคนที่หิวการเติบโต
และมุ่งมั่นกับการพัฒนาตนเอง
เป็นหลักสูตรพัฒนาศักยภาพมนุษย์
ที่มีช่วงอายุคนเรียนกว้างที่สุด
ตั้งแต่วัยรุ่น ยันวัยลุง และวัยเกษียณ