離自動駕駛只差一步 誰還需要DMS?
作者 : Colin Barnden,EE Times專欄作者
2021-01-27
特斯拉都已經進入「全自動駕駛」的最後衝刺階段了,誰還需要DMS來監控駕駛呢?
人們普遍認為特斯拉(Telsa)離自動駕駛烏托邦只差簡單的OTA (over-the-air)這一步了,而忽略了基於視覺的駕駛監控系統(DMS)技術的發展。特斯拉都已經進入「全自動駕駛」(Full Self-Driving)的最後衝刺階段了,誰還需要DMS來監控駕駛呢?
沒這麼快!《消費者報告》(Consumer Reports)的一項最新研究結果顯示,特斯拉可能吹噓過頭了。這篇題為「Cadillac’s Super Cruise Outperforms Other Driving Assistance Systems」的報告總結,「在《消費者報告》對17個系統的最新評級中,凱迪拉克(Cadillac)的Super Cruise遙遙領先於排在第二位的特斯拉Autopilot,其他汽車製造商則緊隨其後。」
《消費者報告》連網和自動駕駛車(AV)測試部門負責人Kelly Funkhouser評論:「儘管很多不同的汽車製造商都提供了新系統,但Super Cruise仍然名列前茅,因為其紅外線攝影機可確保駕駛的眼睛始終看向車道。」
恩智浦無線網路方案介紹
歐盟新車安全評鑑協會(NCAP)和英國保險集團Thatcham Research最近聯合發表了「輔助駕駛等級」(Assisted Driving Grading)評估,結論與《消費者報告》一致。美國杜克大學(Duke University)人類與自主實驗室主任Missy Cummings也發表了一份評估報告,名為「Assessing Tesla Model 3s’ Autopilot Interactions with the Driver Monitoring System」。
來自《消費者報告》、歐盟NCAP、Thatcham Research、美國國家運輸安全委員會(NTSB)和Missy Cummings的資訊都清楚不過地表示:快回去找說大話的Elon Musk安裝合適的DMS吧!
雖然目前這個市場還沒有發展起來,但汽車視覺DMS已經擁有非凡的技術創新和產品發展。這些成就幾乎沒有被報導過,因為其主要供應商都是些名不見經傳的小公司,例如Eyesight Technologies (以色列Herzliya)、Jungo Connectivity (以色列Netanya)、Seeing Machines (澳大利亞Canberra)、Smart Eye (瑞典Gothenburg)和Xperi (美國加州San Jose)。
儘管DMS的安全優勢在很大程度上被主流媒體忽視,但在全球許多區域,特別是在中國、歐洲和美國,諮詢和監管機構卻並未忽視它,以下總結了DMS在這些地區的發展。
中國
筆者所關注的2020年所有汽車DMS設計競賽活動幾乎都與中國有關。作為每年交通事故死亡人數全球第二的國家(WHO的統計資料約為每年255,000人),中國已制定了立法計畫,準備部署DMS對駕駛使用手機、飲食和吸煙等情況進行檢測,同時強制駕駛和所有乘客必須使用安全帶。
Eyesight Technologies展示了將視覺DMS與電腦視覺處理和概率人工智慧(AI)結合,以顯著提高中國道路使用安全性的實際應用(圖1)。
歐洲
歐洲視覺DMS法規落後中國好幾年,但我認為,歐洲DMS的複雜度和完善程度遠超中國。
歐洲似乎更傾向於「駕駛狀態監測」。歐洲研究人員將人因工程學與行為研究結合,開發高階DMS訊號來辨識駕駛注意力、注意力分散、嗜睡、參與度和受傷等狀態,即時瞭解駕駛認知狀態,以評估事故風險。
有一種說法是,只要駕駛專心駕駛並時刻對道路狀況保持警覺,幾乎就可以完全不需要先進駕駛輔助系統(ADAS)來發出警報、蜂鳴音和提示音了。Thatcham Research發佈的「Defining Safe Automated Driving」是一份很有價值的報告,清楚地呈現了歐洲駕駛狀態監測政策的走向。
歐洲議會已經更新了歐洲通用安全法規(GSR),要求在所有四輪或更多車輪的車輛(包括轎車、卡車、貨車、公共汽車和長途汽車)中安裝視覺DMS。
這份完整的法規足足106頁,乏味至極,是治療失眠的良方。法規提到,與視覺DMS有關的立法(附件II第13頁)將分兩個階段導入:
2022年6月到2024年6月,駕駛參與度監控(適用於Level 2+和Level 3自主車輛的視覺DMS)
2024年6月至2026年6月,駕駛注意力分散高階預警系統(適用於Level 0~2車輛的視覺DMS)
歐盟NCAP獨立於歐洲議會和最新的GSR,計畫將視覺DMS測試納入其五星碰撞評級計畫。該計畫原定於2022年啟動,由於新冠肺炎疫情將推延至2024年開始。
儘管歐盟NCAP尚未公佈其視覺DMS的測試規範細則,但根據產品在市場上的發展情況來看,裝有紅外線元件的後視鏡將是一個重點,車艙人員監控系統(OMS)也是一個趨勢,以促進安全帶的使用。
Thatcham Research和歐盟NCAP為制定視覺DMS測試規範細則所進行的許多工作,很快將被其他地區的諮詢機構採納。
美國
我之前曾寫過文章討論美國對DMS的立法態度。此事並沒什麼進展,除了「Moving Forward Act (H.R.2)」通過了眾議院表決,送交到參議院。
正如我在「Lack of ADAS Benchmarks Is Haunting Car Industry」這篇文章中所強調的,在美國,國家公路交通安全管理局(NHTSA)可以透過改變NCAP評估等級來改善道路安全,最好透過與Thatcham Research和歐盟NCAP合作來實現。
根據《華爾街日報》(Wall Street Journal) 2018年5月的一份報告,特斯拉拒絕在Autopilot中整合視覺DMS,因為他們認為這項技術沒什麼用,但歐洲立法者和監管者完全不同意特斯拉的斷言。
本文想表達的重點是,無論Autopilot和「全自動駕駛」功能如何,到2026年6月之後,如果沒有安裝合適的視覺DMS,特斯拉將被禁止在歐洲銷售。因此,即使自動駕駛已經在最後衝刺了,誰還需要DMS?答案很簡單:任何想在歐洲銷售汽車的汽車製造商。
《消費者報告》安全政策經理William Wallace總結:「安全功能的作用是驗證駕駛是否專心,並隨時準備採取行動,因而對於自動駕駛輔助系統而言至關重要。否則,自動駕駛系統潛在的安全風險可能最終掩蓋其帶來的好處。」
附圖:圖1:將視覺DMS與電腦視覺處理和概率AI相結合可顯著提高道路使用的安全性。
資料來源:https://www.eettaiwan.com/20210127nt51-with-self-driving-on-the-home-stretch-who-needs-dms/
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