淺談「假新聞」
最近上課時學到一個新單字「positionality」,讓我想到當前社群媒體上,不停看到的「fake news」——假新聞。
簡言之,「positionality」(位置性) 被定義為於種族、階級、性別、性取向以及能力等狀態中,創造你身分的社會與政治背景。位置性還描述了你的身分如何影響你對世界的理解與看法,以及潛在的偏見。
positionality 位置性;定位
https://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/3390885/
https://www.lexico.com/definition/positionality
以下是我對「positionality」與 「fake news」的些許觀點:
“Fake news” has permeated all facets of life, ranging from social media interaction to presidential elections. Fake news can be defined as “fabricated information that mimics news media content in form but not in organizational process or intent” (Lazer et al., 2018, p. 1094). The creators and outlets of fake news do not ensure the accuracy and credibility of information, but rather disseminate misinformation or disinformation for purposes ranging from personal amusement to creating deceptions to achieve political aims. At times, fake news is created and disseminated by state or non-state actors using social media accounts and networks of bots designed to hijack feed algorithms of platforms such as Twitter or Facebook (Prier, 2017, p. 54). In the 2016 U.S. presidential campaign, Facebook estimated that up to 60 million bots were used to post political content. Some of the same bots were then used in an attempt to influence the 2017 French election (Lazer et al., 2018, p. 1095). Such campaigns can be understood as a form of information warfare, a comprehensive attempt to control and influence every facet of the information supply chain, thereby influencing public opinion and behaviors. (Prier, 2017, p. 54). Often, fake news is not directly created by actors that seek to manipulate but by journalists or content creators whose content favors or aligns with the narratives of these actors (Doshi, 2020).
從社群媒體的互動到總統選舉,「假新聞」(fake news)已滲透至生活的各個層面。假新聞可被定義為「在形式上而非組織過程或意圖上,模仿新聞媒體內容所捏造的資訊」(Lazer et al., 2018, p. 1094)。無論是出於個人愛好或為達政治目的而有所欺瞞,假新聞的製造者與傳播管道並不保證資訊的準確性與可信度,反而是為了散播錯誤訊息(misinformation)或扭曲訊息(disinformation)。有時,假新聞是由國家或非國家行為者(state or non-state actors)所製造與傳播,藉由社群媒體帳號及網絡機器人來劫持諸如臉書與推特等平臺的推送演算法(Prier, 2017, p. 54)。在2016年的美國總統大選中,臉書估計有多達6千萬個機器人被用來發布政治貼文。其中,有部分機器人被用於影響隔年的法國大選(Lazer et al., 2018, p. 1095)。此類行動可視為資訊戰(information warfare)的一種形式,一種對控制與影響資訊供應鏈各環節的全面嘗試,從而影響公眾輿論與行為(Prier, 2017, p. 54)。假新聞通常是由記者或內容創造者(content creators)所創造,而非試圖操弄的行為者,前者的內容偏好符合後者的敘事(Doshi, 2020)。
Nevertheless, while the term “fake news” is commonplace, there is no universal, measurable way to quantify the fakeness or truthfulness of news. There are many fact-checking and media-bias detection tools, but they cannot objectively detect and clarify the more subtle and nuanced aims of manipulative actors that play a crucial role in news production. It can also be argued that the veracity of news depends not only on the actors that seek to manipulate it, but also on the positionality of its consumers. Therefore, one’s initial line of defense against misleading news lies not in the plethora of fact-checking devices but more in one’s pre-existing dispositions and skills to think and act in response to misleading information. This ability can be referred to as critical thinking, which can be more concretely expounded as “reasonable and reflective thinking focused on deciding what to believe or do” (Ennis, 2011, p. 15).
然而,即便「假新聞」一詞隨處可見,卻沒有統一、可衡量的方式來量化新聞的虛假性或真實性。目前有許多事實查核與媒體偏見檢測工具,但它們無法客觀地檢測與說明行為操弄者更狡猾、更細緻的目標,而這些操弄者往往在新聞的生產中發揮著重要作用。我們也可以說,新聞的真實性不僅取決於試圖操弄它的行為者,同時還取決於新聞受眾的位置性。因此,一個人對抗誤導性新聞的第一道防線,不在於這些五花八門的事實查核方式,反而在於個人所固有的性格,以及針對誤導性資訊的思考與行動等相關技能。這種能力可稱為批判性思考(critical thinking),意即「專注於決定相信什麼或做什麼的理性思考與反思性思考」(Ennis, 2011, p. 15)。
Taiwan, also known as the Republic of China (ROC), is at the forefront of information warfare. It is wedged between the geopolitical struggles of global and regional hegemonies such as the United States and China, the People's Republic of China (PRC). Compounding the matter are the Taiwan’s own political actors vying for influence and power. This struggle seeps into all aspects of life and practice, mainly manifesting itself on social media, a battleground of information warfare. The Ministry of Education of Taiwan is cognizant of these information campaigns, and efforts have been made to introduce media literacy into all parts of its education system. According to the ministry, the government has tried to promote media literacy education since 2000 (MOE, 2002, p. 1), with one of its primary goals to cultivate its “citizens” abilities for independent learning, critical thinking, and problem solving” (MOE, 2002, p. 2).
臺灣,也被稱為中華民國,正處於資訊戰的最前線。這是全球霸權與地區霸權之間——如美國與中國(中華人民共和國)——的地緣政治對抗。使問題惡化的是臺灣自身的政治行動者對影響力與權力的奪取。這場對抗遍布於現實生活的各個面向,主要於社群媒體中——資訊戰的戰場——展露無遺。臺灣的教育部注意到了這些資訊的煙硝,並已努力將媒體素養引入其教育體系。據該部稱,自2000年以來,政府一直試圖推展媒體素養教育(MOE, 2002, p. 1),其主要目標之一是培養「公民獨立學習、批判性思考以及解決問題的能力。」(MOE, 2002, p. 2)。
★★★★★★★★★★★★
上述段落認為,由於個人的位置性(positionality),「假新聞」極難定義。此外,有許多人把不符合自身成見與偏好的新聞逕斥為假新聞。這其實相當危險,因為個人觀點將會變得愈發孤立與激進。
閱聽人應意識到,他們在網路上看到的每個資訊都有特定立場。是否真有毫無立場的新聞文章?為了對抗操弄性或強制性資訊(coercive information),我們必須意識到權力於個中的作用,以及我們自身的位置性如何形塑我們的詮釋。這是我們的第一道防線。
★★★★★★★★★★★★
參考文獻
Doshi, R. (2020, January). China steps up its information war in Taiwan. Foreign Affairs. Retrieved March, 21, 2021, from https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2020-01-09/china-steps-its-information-war-taiwan
Ennis, R. H. (1985). A logical basis for measuring critical thinking skills. Educational leadership, 43(2), 44-48.
Lazer, D. M., Baum, M. A., Benkler, Y., Berinsky, A. J., Greenhill, K. M., Menczer, F., ... & Zittrain, J. L. (2018). The science of fake news. Science, 359(6380), 1094-1096.
MOE (Ministry of Education), Taiwan. (2002). White paper on media literacy educational policy. Retrieved March, 21, 2021, from http://english.moe.gov.tw/public/Attachment/ 2122416591771.pdf
Prier, J. (2017). Commanding the trend: Social media as information warfare. Strategic Studies Quarterly: SSQ, 11(4), 50-85.
★★★★★★★★★★★★
教育時評: http://bit.ly/39ABON9
相關詞彙: https://bit.ly/2UncrfI
TED相關影片: https://bit.ly/3BDsDKl
同時也有210部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過92萬的網紅ochikeron,也在其Youtube影片中提到,You just need Tempura flour and mayonnaise. Double or triple this recipe to make as many as you want 😊 Whipped cream or ice cream filling is really ...
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https://youtu.be/o1zx-HUqk-k
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⏰5/28 星期五20:00鎖定V.K克Youtube頻道:
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V.K-Supernova 私の部屋は私の小惑星#4 がもうすぐ始まります!
5/28 金曜日21:00 V.K Youtubeチャンネルて
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もう一週間にお家時間過ごしたですが,皆さんお元気ですか?
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지금 「Our Story」、「종이비행기의 모험 Paper plane’s adventure(중급)」、「거품의 무게Bubble’s weight」등 3곡의 디지털 악보를 기간 한정 무료 다운로드를 할 수 있으니, 집에서 이 악보들과 함께 피아노 앞에 앉아 연습하면서 코로나 때문에 가진 우울한 마음을 달레 보시고 VK의 피아노 선율을 통해 마음의 힐링을 받아보세요.
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social media paper 在 君子馬蘭頭 - Ivan Li 李聲揚 Facebook 的最佳解答
[ Contrarian嘅嘢]買8個字,一個字都唔中!都有啲難度!都唔止第一次了。有冇人計下機會率幾多(我理應識計,但唔想用腦了)?
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告個急先:Ivan已被炒,3月開始失業。未訂嘅記得訂Patreon,積小成多呀。訂咗嘅可以考慮加碼(https://bityl.co/4Y0h)。一星期至少出返六篇文.月頭訂最抵!月費80
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1. 又,不如我Patreon每期公開我買乜冧把?咁你可以買少8個,大大提升中獎機會(同上,到底提升幾多?應該好顯著的)
2. 又,認真,不如有機會寫下「提高買六合彩中獎機會方法」。但主要內容係:買多幾張。真架!哈佛教授都係咁講!(https://bityl.co/5Rz1)。好似出Paper添呀!CNBC仲要 Click bait:Mega Millions is up to $970 million—there’s one way to up the odds of winning, according to a Harvard statistics professor
3. 又,醒多你一樣嘢,就真係的,Contrarian.唔好買1-31號。最好避埋35,40,38之類。呢個同提升中獎機會無關,但,可以避免好似《黑心鬼》咁,頭獎幾百注中。真係好多人好似《富貴迫人》咁,拎屋企人生日去買,或者就咁買8,18。你中到頭獎,用咗幾十世嘅運氣,仲同其他人分?會吐血的。
4. 呀同埋,相當具爭議,你可以唔同意,我好多朋友都唔同意—但,我係永世唔會同人夾錢買六合彩的,成班同事圍威喂嗰啲仲煩,我亦都discourage人地(但不能阻止啦)同事咁做。你大約估到點解。理由兩個,第一,睇返上面一段。買六合彩當然望中頭獎,中咗都改變唔到生活嘅不如唔好買,訂我Patreon算—至少我肯定改善到生活! 第二,真係中咗,咁冇買嘅同事(除咗我)又點諗呢?第三,都講過了,走數。固然有人話唔會,亦都見到有例子真係啲人無私共享。所以係返返去你個人嘅問題,對「人」呢樣嘢點睇。
5. 我嘛?”Trust everyone” "But always cut the cards."。即係,Trust no one.本質上我係唔信任「人」呢樣嘢,同朋友唔友無關,OCamp又好 咩添標定又好,嗰啲咩Trust Fall(come one,當年我百四磅咋)之類,免得過的話我死都唔玩—我做乜撚嘢要將我下半身(你冇睇錯)幸福交畀關唔撚識嘅人?
6. 「冇團隊精神」當然係我嘅問題。但明顯地經過二十年冇改善,係惡化咗。而因為我畀人炒咗,卒之唔使再講呢啲大話。雖然識我耐嘅都知,我抗拒一切嘅群體活動。幾個一齊打機還好,成添人就免,亦同我技術無乜咩關係。
7. Daniel Day Lewis嘅There will be blood我在戲院睇咗三次(年青真好),入面佢講嘅嘢:I hate most people. There are times when I look at people and I see nothing worth liking. I want to earn enough money that I can get away from everyone.
8. 「咁你又搞Facebook Page又搞Patreon?」係!人生就係充滿矛盾!Oedipus嘛!我就係Anti Social 嘅 Social media influencer (臨時演員都係演員,冇影響力都係influencer),沙文嘅港女,悲觀嘅樂觀者,外向嘅introvert,貪錢嘅文青,有文化嘅金融從業員。
9. 又,每年都仲係有人講邊個投注站風水好 點買先易中,香港嘅STEM啦喎,算吧啦。
10. 正經講,嗰時在Warwick讀Stochastic Calculus(一講英文即時好似好勁),呀老鬼都有用prove by contradiction,試過整到一啲「必定會輸嘅投資方法」—咁你話,必定會輸有乜咁出奇?奇呀,因為,你將佢reverse咗,咪會變咗「必定贏嘅方法」!而至少在理論框架入面,多數操作都可以兩邊做
11. 順手一講,如果冇咗萬惡仆街嘅沽空,我都唔知你一大堆Derivative點Price,絶大多數你見到嘅Derivative pricing 都assume有得沽空,冇得沽空,天下大亂
12. 咁你話,「韓仔禁沽空禁咗成年喎」。冇錯,所以,世界上有乜畀韓仔炒股票更危險?就係韓仔炒Derivative.陶傑話齋,唏,華克山莊都唔畀韓仔入去啦。
13. 呀同埋,理論上我都脫咗貧(北韓好多小朋友冇飯開的)。但,都係照買六合彩的。一來過癮,二來都真係諗住中呀!趙國雄都抽iBond啦!
14. 即係,大家都理解如果收入唔高,一年儲得兩皮嘢嘅(realistic啦?),咁你仲話講10%回報,真係蛇都死,你會覺得先2000蚊,都未夠我去次日本。所以本小一定係想追大回報,理唔理性都好,必然發生。
15. 但到我問啲小朋友有冇買六合彩?又冇喎。咁,你成日想發達,都要去買張Good Damn ticket的。雖然研究做過,在美國你過馬路去投注站畀車撞死嘅機會,點都大過你中頭獎。但香港應唔係,況且,你可以online買。
16. 我的確見唔少成日話坐東航唔安全嘅人,照樣過馬路買六合彩。好危險的。你明啦,要隻成飛機炒落嚟,其實好難。
(不過我自己都2,9,20,40。電腦飛嘛。下次改)
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2021比別人知得多。subscribe now。Ivan Patreon,港美市場評點,專題號外,每日一圖,好文推介。每星期6篇,月費80,半年已1300人訂!(https://bityl.co/4Y0h)。年費仲有85折
social media paper 在 ochikeron Youtube 的精選貼文
You just need Tempura flour and mayonnaise.
Double or triple this recipe to make as many as you want 😊
Whipped cream or ice cream filling is really good. It adds vanilla flavor and sweetness. Makes it moist and super delicious. Must try!
French Crullers are the top-selling donut at Mister Donut (donut shop) in Japan. Simple sugar glaze is my kids' favorite but in this video they ended up playing with the cream 😅
FYI: Tempura Flour (any brand is OK):
https://amzn.to/3BXYIMp
---------------------------------
2-Ingredient French Crullers
Difficulty: Very Easy
Time: 15min
Number of servings: 3 (3-Inch-round 1.5-Inch-height)
Ingredients:
160g (5.6oz.) Tempura flour https://amzn.to/3BXYIMp
4 tbsp. mayonnaise https://amzn.to/3yTRmHX
100ml water
deep frying oil
powdered sugar (confectioner's sugar)
whipped cream
Directions:
1. Put Tempura flour, mayonnaise, and 100ml water in a bowl and mix well with a spatula.
2. Transfer the batter into a pastry bag fitted with a large (0.6inch) star tip (Do NOT use a round tip or the batter will explode!!!). Pipe out 2 layers of rings onto a parchment paper.
3. Deep fry in oil at 180C (350F) until crisp golden brown.
4. Dust with powdered sugar or drizzle with sugar glaze (mix 3 tbsp. powdered sugar & 1 tsp. water). You can slice and place whipped cream or ice cream between the layers if you like!
I haven't tried but I think you can bake in oven at 180C (350F) for 15 minutes.
↓レシピ(日本語)
https://cooklabo.blogspot.com/2021/09/Frenc-Crullers.html
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social media paper 在 ochikeron Youtube 的最佳貼文
Firm jelly inside, crunchy shell outside. Kohakutou is a traditional Japanese confection (Wagashi).
You just need only 4 ingredients! You can use your favorite colors to make your own favorite gemstones. Easy yet Fun! It is one of summer vacation free research project ideas in Japan 💎
It takes about a week to dry to create the crunchy shell. At this point, the sweetness becomes very mild and delicious 😋
You can use fruit juice if you want to make it in a different flavor! Have fun 👍
---------------------------------
4-Ingredient Edible Gemstones (Kohakutou Crystal Gummy Candies)
Difficulty: Easy
Time: 1 week
Number of servings: candies on 1 baking sheet
Ingredients:
300g (10.6oz.) granulated sugar
4g (2 tsp.) Kanten powder (agar-agar powder)
your favorite food colorings
200ml water
Directions:
1. Dilute your favorite food colorings with water.
2. Mix water and Kanten powder (agar-agar powder) very well in a pot. Put on medium. When the agar-agar powder melts, add granulated sugar and turn down to low. Simmer for 10 minutes until it bubbles and the liquid hangs down when you lift the spatula.
3. Pour it into any heat resistant container is okay. Color it in the way you like. Put it in the fridge for an hour to harden.
4. Tear it by hand, place the candy pieces on a parchment paper and let dry for a week until they develop white and crunchy outer shells.
*You can store the candies in an airtight container at room temperature for 2-3 weeks.
レシピ(日本語)
https://cooklabo.blogspot.com/
---------------------------------
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YouTube Audio Library
Follow me on social media. If you have recreated any of my food, you can share some pictures #ochikeron. I am always happy to see them.
♥FOLLOW ME HERE♥
http://instagram.com/ochikeron/
https://www.facebook.com/ochikeron
https://plus.google.com/+ochikeron
http://twitter.com/ochikeron
♥My COOKBOOK available on Amazon Kindle♥
http://amzn.to/2EwR3ah
NO MORE hard copies... those who got one are lucky!
♥More Written Recipes are on my BLOG♥
http://createeathappy.blogspot.com/
♥My Recipe Posts in Japanese♥
http://cooklabo.blogspot.jp/
http://cookpad.com/ami
http://twitter.com/alohaforever
♥and of course PLEASE SUBSCRIBE♥
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social media paper 在 ochikeron Youtube 的最讚貼文
These tasty, crispy, and buttery cookies are made with only 3 Ingredients! Kids love them!
What I used is Hot Cake Mix. It is a very popular and versatile Japanese pancake mix. You can make cakes, cookies, muffins, or any kind of sweets.
Hot Cake Mix comes in many brands. In this video I used Morinaga, which is the most recognized one.
https://amzn.to/3BstXQf
---------------------------------
3-Ingredient Icebox Cookies
Difficulty: Easy
Time: 1hr
Number of servings: 15 cookies (1 pattern)
Ingredients:
50g (1.8oz.) butter *room temperature
100g (3.5oz.) Hot Cake Mix
1 tsp. cocoa powder
Directions:
1. Plain Dough: Cream half of the butter (25g) in a bowl with a spatula. Add half of the Hot Cake Mix (50g) and mix well with a spatula. When the dough starts to crumble, use your hands to mix tougher until formed.
2. Chocolate Dough: Cream half of the butter (25g) in a bowl with a spatula. Add half of the Hot Cake Mix (50g) and cocoa powder, then mix well with a spatula. When the dough starts to crumble, use your hands to mix tougher until formed.
3. Wrap in plastic wrap and cool in the fridge for about 30 minutes to set.
4. Please see the video for how to make Checkerboard, Pinwheel, and Marble shapes. Wrap in plastic wrap again and cool and harden in the fridge or freezer for about 15 minutes. *you can keep the dough in the freezer up to a week.
5. Preheat the oven to 170C (340F). Slice the dough into 7mm (0.3inch) thick. Place them on a baking sheet lined with parchment paper.
6. Bake at 170C (340F) for about 15 minutes. You can cool the cookies on the baking sheet!
レシピ(日本語)
https://cooklabo.blogspot.com/2021/07/Icebox-Cookies.html
---------------------------------
Music by
YouTube Audio Library
Follow me on social media. If you have recreated any of my food, you can share some pictures #ochikeron. I am always happy to see them.
♥FOLLOW ME HERE♥
http://instagram.com/ochikeron/
https://www.facebook.com/ochikeron
https://plus.google.com/+ochikeron
http://twitter.com/ochikeron
♥My COOKBOOK available on Amazon Kindle♥
http://amzn.to/2EwR3ah
NO MORE hard copies... those who got one are lucky!
♥More Written Recipes are on my BLOG♥
http://createeathappy.blogspot.com/
♥My Recipe Posts in Japanese♥
http://cooklabo.blogspot.jp/
http://cookpad.com/ami
http://twitter.com/alohaforever
♥and of course PLEASE SUBSCRIBE♥
http://www.youtube.com/user/ochikeron?sub_confirmation=1
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