李戡發文指出,某臺大教授的著作有多處抄襲,我看完之後十分駭然。因為張亞中老師曾對蔡英文的論文事件發表評論:「倫敦政經學院不是正規大學」,著實是金玉良言啊!現在張總校長是不是也會發出正義的怒吼:「臺大出這種教授,不是正規大學。」
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這樣的話,還真的虧大了,因為我才剛拿到畢業證書誒!早知如此,要選最正規的孫文學校就讀。不過似乎不必多慮,前述所指臺大某抄襲教授正是張亞中本人,張總校長是不會自我批評成非正規教授的。心中大石瞬間卸下,所以我拿到的,應該還能算是正規證書吧。
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———(以下李戡全文)———
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《張亞中,你抄錯行了!》
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張亞中1998年出版《兩岸主權論》(台北:生智文化,1998)一書,不止一次抄襲楊永明1996年發表在《政治科學論叢》第七期的論文<民主主權:政治理論中主權概念之演變與主權理論新取向>。關於證明抄襲的方法論、抄襲者慣用的掩蓋手法和心態,我在《蔣介石日記的濫用》(被中共查禁)裡做了充分論證。現在我用這些方法,來還原張亞中怎麼抄襲楊永明,而且還抄錯行。
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一、《兩岸主權論》第9到10頁,張亞中寫道:
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國際法百科全書亦將主權定義為「一個國家獨立於其他國家之外,且於法律上不受其他國家的影響,以及國家對其領土和人民的政府權力享有最高性,與排他性的管轄權」。【注釋是「Helmut Steinberger, “Sovereignty”, in Encyclopedia of Public International Law, Installment 10., (Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing and Company, 1987), pp.397-418, at pp.403-404.」】
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這段引文,和楊永明<民主主權>頁144的段落幾乎一模一樣:
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國際法百科全書定義主權為「一個國家獨立於其他國家之外,且於法律上不受其他國家的滲透影響,以及國家對其領土和人民的政府權力的至高性和排他性的管轄權」【注釋是「Helmut Steinberger, “Sovereignty,” in Encyclopedia of International Law, op.cit., p.404.」】
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楊永明和張亞中都引用了Encyclopedia of Public International Law的內容,不過楊永明漏寫了書名中的Public一字,我們翻開這本書第404頁,可找到楊永明引文對應的原文:
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State sovereignty now meant a State's general independence from and legal impermeability in relation to foreign powers, and the State's exclusive jurisdiction and supremacy of governmental powers over the State's territory and inhabitants.
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這段話明明出現在百科全書第404頁,而非第403-404頁,為什麼張亞中會寫成「pp.397-418, at pp.403-404.」?
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二、這個「兩段式頁數」的寫法,正好出現在楊永明論文頁143-144:
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為方便區分起見,學者稱描述國家內部的主權概念為「內部主權」(或「國內主權」),而在國際法上的應用則被稱為「外部主權」(或「國家主權」)。【注釋是「See Helmut Steinberger, “Sovereignty,” in Encyclopedia of International Law, Rudolf L. Bindscdhedler et al eds. (Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing and Company, 1987), pp.397-418, at pp.403-404.」】
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我們翻開百科全書,果然分別在第403和404頁看到「external sovereignty」(外部主權)和「internal sovereignty」(內部主權)的用法,說明楊永明的注釋沒問題。奇怪的是,楊永明這段引文,也出現在張亞中《兩岸主權論》第10頁:
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有些學者區別主權的概念為「內部主權」與「外部主權」,前者指的是描述國家內部的主權;後者指的是國家主權在國際法的運用。【注釋是「Helmut Steinberger, “Sovereignty”, in Encyclopedia of Public International Law, op.cit., p.404.」】
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由此可見,張亞中抄錯行了!張亞中根本沒看過Encyclopedia of Public International Law這本書,他這兩個出處,都是直接抄襲楊永明。名詞解釋那段,張亞中為了掩飾抄襲痕跡,故意在楊永明翻譯的引文裡改動數字,例如他省略了「滲透」兩字,殊不知這樣一省略,嚴重扭曲原意。換句話說,如果張亞中親自翻過百科全書,根本沒道理漏掉這個字。張亞中改動完楊永明翻譯的引文後,以為大功告成,在抄注釋的時候,卻不小心抄錯行——他該抄的是頁404,卻抄成了楊永明的另一個注釋頁397-418和頁403-404。另外,「內部主權」和「外部主權」那段,張亞中本來該抄頁397-418和頁403-404,卻抄成頁404。
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三、除此之外,張亞中《兩岸主權論》頁8的引文「國家在其範圍內有宣稱不受其他限制和控制的自由,則必須同樣承認其他國家在其範圍內也有相同的自由。」【注釋是「F. H. Hinsley, Sovereignty (New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1966), p.158.」】這段話和楊永明<民主主權>頁144「國家在其範圍內有宣稱不受其他限制和控制的自由,則必須同樣承認其他國家在其範圍內也具有相同的自由」只有一字之差,在張亞中自稱看過原文的情況下,他的中文翻譯和楊永明翻譯的幾乎一模一樣,只是將「具有」換成「有」,顯然構成抄襲。
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四、同樣道理,張亞中《兩岸主權論》頁20的段落「國際法學界也開始強調民主制度是一項逐漸成形的國際規範,「民主統治」被強調為國家與政府合法性的構成要件之一。」【注釋是「Thomas Frank, “The Emerging Right to Democratic Governance”, American Journal of International Law, Vol.86, No.1 (Jan. 1992), pp.46-91.」】這段話,張亞中抄自楊永明<民主主權>頁147的段落「國際法學界也開始強調民主制度是一項逐漸成形的國際規範,民主統治(democratic governance)被強調為國家及政府合法性的構成要件之一。」【注釋是「Thomas Franck, “The Emerging Right to Democratic Governance,” American Journal of International Law, Vol.86, No.1 (Jan. 1992), pp.46-91.」】張亞中除了把「及」換成「與」,其他地方一字不漏照抄楊永明。
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五、同樣道理,張亞中《兩岸主權論》頁20-21的段落「更有學者指出政治參與權已經成為一項普遍性原則,應該受到國際法的保障。」【注釋是「Gregory H. Fox, “The Right to Political Participation in International Law”, Yale Journal of International Law, Vol. 17(1992), pp.539-607.」】這段話,張亞中抄自楊永明<民主主權>頁147「福斯(Gregory Fox)更指出政治參與權(political participation)已經成為一項普遍性權利,而應該受到國際法的保障。」【注釋是Gregory H. Fox, “The Right to Political Participation in International Law,” Yale Journal of International Law, Vol. 17(1992), pp.539-607.」】張亞中除了把「權利」改成「原則」,其他地方幾乎照抄楊永明。
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凡是引用的文獻不是自己親手翻閱、而是從別人文章看到的,一定要加上「轉引」兩字,否則就是抄襲。這五個案例中,張亞中在注釋裡除了交代文獻來源,後面全都該加上「轉引自楊永明,<民主主權:政治理論中主權概念之演變與主權理論新取向>,頁XX」,但他都沒有。張亞中讀了兩個博士,必定了解學術規範,卻仍故意為之,有何資格動輒以「張老師」姿態教育別人?光是在《兩岸主權論》的其中一章,張亞中就有五個注釋抄自楊永明。有了這項紀錄,我很好奇張亞中在《歐洲統合:政府間主義與超國家主義的互動》(台北:揚智文化,1998)書裡引用的大量英文文獻,以及在《德國問題:國際法與憲法的爭議》(台北:揚智文化,1999)書裡使用的大量艱澀冷僻的德文文獻,其中有多少處可能有類似這樣的行為?
同時也有1部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過995的網紅Ray Shen,也在其Youtube影片中提到,Sick Individuals are known for electrifying main stages around the globe with their progressive house and electro anthems. They have consistently demo...
territory翻譯 在 蔡依橙的閱讀筆記 Facebook 的最讚貼文
這次美國從阿富汗撤軍,撤得蠻果決的,像是撤離 Bagram 空軍基地時,為了避免撤離過程被襲擊,連盟友阿富汗政府都沒事先通知,就這樣離開,然後才通知阿富汗政府軍去接收。
不過周邊的居民看到美軍走了,已經進去搶了剩餘的電器跟資源一波。
最近美國出現蠻多檢討聲音,幫一些阿富汗人講話。
因為美國在阿富汗的時候,很多阿富汗人幫忙過情報收集跟翻譯等在地事務。目前預期,美國走了之後,阿富汗政府軍應該擋不住塔利班,慢慢整個國家會全部落到塔利班手中。
像是最近,不管是美國協助阿富汗政府軍跟塔利班談判時,或者美國正在撤退時,塔利班都持續在增加控制的地區。
一般預期,這些幫忙過美國的阿富汗人,尤其情報人員,在塔利班接管後,應該是死路一條。
所以民間團體跟政治圈,都有希望營救這些人的聲音。
不過,這些人即使申請了移民美國,也因為程序曠日廢時,以及證據不足卡關。因為很多做情報的,都是口頭跟美軍報告,然後直接拿現金,並沒有詳細的記錄。
美國審核移民時,必須一個一個跟負責對口的情報官,有的甚至還不見得會被承認,或者處理的事情根本在檯面下。
我們也很容易可以想像,這樣的狀況一定也有很多根本和美軍沒什麼合作過的,會想辦法混進來,一起移民美國。審核也是必要的。
由於美軍撤軍已定,這些審核跟區分需要時間,所以目前的方案是,讓這些曾幫過美國的阿富汗人,先移往第三地,然後慢慢等移民審核。
第三地可能是卡達、阿拉伯聯合酋長國,或者是關島。
前兩個是因為美國好朋友,又是穆斯林友善國家。關島則是美國領地。
人數估計在10000 人上下。
說實在的,這個處理還蠻人道的,也折衷可行。
只是即使選擇這條路,未來也是一片未知。移民並不容易。
如果能好好的維護自己的國家,那是最好的。
我們在一切都還不錯的時候,就要好好維護自己的臺灣。用選票和民意,維護且捍衛自己的家園。
- Biden Defends Afghan Pullout, Sets Evacuation for Interpreters
https://on.wsj.com/36rUDSZ
「Among countries the U.S. is considering are Qatar and the United Arab Emirates as well as the U.S. territory of Guam, officials said. The translators moved out of Afghanistan could be in those countries for years as they await a valid U.S. visa.
Officials estimated the number of Afghans who assisted the U.S. and who need to be evacuated at between 9,000 and 16,000. 」
territory翻譯 在 寶總監的寶之國與他的狗王子 Empire of Director Bao & Niku & Baku Facebook 的最佳貼文
這是阿培曾經在我巴褲的書裡面寫的,這文章是阿培本身養狗的經驗,對每個養狗的人都有很大的幫助,希望大家有時間可以把它看完,我翻譯成英文讓大家看:
Apei wrote many things into my Baku book. Mainly how to raise dogs, his life experience with dogs and about dog breeds. Its very useful information so please take a look. I translated it into English for everyone to read.
想要養全世界最大的狗,所有的大狗養過一輪,最後情定獒犬。
I wanted to raise all the big dogs available around the world. I wanted to takes turns raising all the big dogs, but I fell for Mastiff.
我從小就有個心願,要養全世界最大的狗。十幾歲開始工作,慢慢把大狗養了一輪:紐波利頓獒犬、大丹、高加索——最後才把重心放在西藏獒犬上。
Ever since when I was very young, I had a dream to raise all the big dogs available throughout the world. I started working at a very young age. Over the years, I had owned a Neapolitan Mastiff, Great Dane, Caucasian Shepherd, and finally now I am totally focused on taking care of my Tibetan Mastiff.
其實每種狗都可愛,只是養著養著,慢慢摸索出自己最喜歡的樣子——
To be honest, no matter what the breed, each dog is cute & lovable in its own way. Having own so many dogs, I slowly figured out what I like the most.
比方紐波利頓,嘴巴皮垂皺加上毛短,吃完東西不馬上擦乾淨,很容易過敏有皮膚病,照養上很費功夫。
Neapolitan Mastiff, for example, has saggy faces and very short hair. If you don’t clean him up after a meal, the dog can very easily have allergic reactions or skin diseases. It’s quite a chore taking care of this breed of dogs.
大丹漂亮修長,但我更喜歡粗勇的體型。
Great Danes are beautiful and usually possesses a lengthy body, but I like ones with a thicker and wider body.
高加索犬算是最貼近我期待的,但是,高加索犬野性比較強,對其他小狗比較不友善。
Caucasian Shepherd is perhaps a breed that is closest to my ideal type. However, shepherds are more primitive, they are not that friendly to small dogs.
至於西藏獒犬,牠忠實、對小孩、女人和小型動物又溫和——尤其是冬天,西藏獒犬換上一身長披毛,站出來威風凜凜、霸氣十足。
As far as Tibetan Mastiff goes, they are loyal, and gentle around kids, women, and other small animals. Especially during winter, a Tibetan Mastiff would change into a long fur coat, appearing so confident and proud, as if everything else is beneath them.
養到西藏獒犬,我心中就有「中」的感覺——所以一路養到現在。
When I got to owning a Tibetan Mastiff, that’s when my heart and mind went: “This is the one!” And so… I have been raising one ever since.
之前養的每隻狗,我都是養到牠們老死——大型狗的平均壽命比中小型犬還要短的許多,大概10年到15年。
All the dogs I had previously, I have always had them until they passed away peacefully in my arms due to old age. The average lifespan of large-sized dogs are usually a lot shorter than small-sized dogs. 10 -15 years, I would say, is probably the max.
要駕馭大型狗,教法是重點。我常跟人說,「狗的主人要有霸氣,要比狗兇」。從小規矩就要訂下——如果主人希望能帶大狗去散步,一定要從小帶牠出門,讓牠習慣走在你腿旁邊,讓牠早早社會化。
To manage a large-sized dog, the key is on teaching. I often tell my friends: “As a dog owner you have to be dominant, you have to be more dominant than your dog.” Show ‘em who’s the boss in the house, so to speak lol. As a dog owner if you wish to take your large dog out for a walk, you have to start taking them for a walk when they are still very small, let them get used to walking alongside you, this is basically to socialize them.
你帶領狗去散步,不是牠帶你去散步——讓牠們見多視廣,狗就不會有初見陌生事物激動暴衝的時候。
Remember tho, you are taking them for a walk, not the other way around. You have to let them see more, let them become familiarize with what’s happening on the outside. This way, it will lessen the occurrence of your dog having violent reactions to unfamiliar or unknown objects.
基本上,除非是生病,要不然狗咬人,都是基於「恐懼」。牠怕主人被攻擊,所以擺出戰鬥姿態——當然,社會化不足或主人威嚴感比較差的狗,就比較容易出在驚慌狀態下而暴衝咬人。
Basically, unless your dog is sick, a dog only starts biting people out of “fear.” They fear that his owner will be attacked, that’s why he goes into “combat mode.” Of course, a dog that is less socialized or a dog with a less dominant owner will more likely become violent (including biting) when they feel threatened or panicking.
這部分是主人的問題,比較不是狗狗本身的問題。改善了狗主人的牽法與教育狗的方式,狗的暴衝、易怒問題就可以得到改善。
This is the owner’s fault, and not on the dog. Once you improve upon the way you walk the dog and educate the dog the right away, the dog’s violent behavior and violent tendencies will show an improvement.
獒犬還有一個別稱,「栓犬」。讓獒犬待在同個地方大概30分鐘,牠就會覺得那是牠地盤,開始會對經過的路人兇,這點要特別注意。
Mastiff also goes by another name, “guardian dogs.” If you let a Mastiff stay in one place for over 30 minutes, he’ll think that this place is his place, his territory, and will starting defending it by being aggressive to passerby, this is something to be aware of.
我最常被問到的,獒犬吃很多三餐費用很高吧?
The question that I was asked the most is… “Mastiffs eat a lot, don’t they? So you must’ve spend a lot of dog food, right?”
我自己對狗比較捨得,讓牠吃好——牛肉全雞羊肉,但是也不一定要跟我一樣餵法。讓牠們吃飽,有時間去跑跑步,偶爾洗一下澡,牠們就很開心了。
I am more catering to my dog, that’s for sure. I’ll let him eat the good stuff --- beef, full chicken, lamb… But you don’t have to do it like me, tho, just feed him regularly so your dog is not hungry. If you have the time, take him for a walk or a jog, or bathe him, he is going to be really really happy if you do so.
最後要提醒的是,大型犬因為身體重腳的負擔大,狗主人最好是把牠們養在不滑的地板上,跟,6個月以前的小狗,髖關節還沒發育完全,不要讓牠們大量跑跳。這兩點注意一下,加上每天帶花時間帶牠們去散步運動,這樣就能保持牠們四隻腳的健康,減少很多腿部問題。
Lastly, I want remind everyone, as far as large dogs go, because of their huge physique they have tons of pressure on their feet, so it’s best for a dog owner to raise a large-sized dog on a non-slippery floor. Also, for a dog that is not yet 6 months old, don’t let the dog do too much jumping and running because his hip joint isn’t fully developed yet. That’s two things you should keep in mind. So as long as you take the time to walk your dog and do a bit of exercise, you’ll be able to keep their legs healthy, which will reduce a lot of the dog’s leg problems.
不管大狗小狗,牠們都是我們的家人,養了,就好好照顧牠一輩子。最後還是那句話.如何對待如何回報.
No matter big or small, a dog is family. If you got one, please take care of him/her for the rest of its life. Lastly, just want to say, You reap what you sow.
territory翻譯 在 Ray Shen Youtube 的最佳貼文
Sick Individuals are known for electrifying main stages around the globe with their progressive house and electro anthems. They have consistently demonstrated an affinity for stringing together uplifting melodies, followed by big emotional drops. After multiple releases with labels like Revealed, Axone, Spinnin' and Armada, SICK INDIVIDUALS are now turning their songwriting skills up a notch, and testing deeper waters in the melodic house territory with their new single, “People I Love”, their first single for Thrive Music.
Taking a more minimalistic approach, the Dutch duo concoct a highly emotional combination of jubilant melodies, led by British singer/songwriter Stevie Appleton, whose contrasting dynamic elevates “People I Love” into the radio-ready level.
The club mix that accompanies the original aims at not leaving out the DJ support SICK INDIVIDUALS have always enjoyed. It is what we have come to expect from this duo, combining melodic synths and rousing vocals, with an uplifting progressive drop.
Grab your copy:
https://ThriveMusic.lnk.to/PeopleILove
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https://www.mixcloud.com/ray-shen/
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territory翻譯 在 領地 的推薦與評價
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