20年前的今天,911事件發生時,你正在做什麼?
對於我們許多人來說,當天的震驚,是一個不容抹滅的記憶。在那之後世界一連串的發展,讓許多的事物被賦予特定的色彩。包括國土安全和恐怖主義等等新的詞彙進入主流。中文翻譯成「聖戰」的伊斯蘭吉哈德 (jihad),成了這一串論述背後的壞人。但任何有回教徒朋友的人應該都知道,穆斯林大部分是非常溫和以及愛好和平的。為什麼有這樣大的反差?而在6到10世紀輝煌的伊斯蘭文化,以及後來發揚光大,橫跨近800年的鄂徒曼帝國,在第一次世界大戰之後又是如何發展?這一些問題都是我在選擇這本書的時候想要得到的答案。
「興亡世界史」這個系列的書籍,之前就看了幾本很棒的,讓我在華人視角的世界史,與西方視角的世界始終史之外,看見一個不一樣的可能。之前一位書友的描述很貼切,說日本人看歷史,很像監視器一樣反應一切,平鋪直敘不帶立場的陳述事情。
從穆罕默德開始創立說起,他說講述的思想與當時阿拉伯社會截然不同。包括獨一真神的信仰,社會的平等,還有賙濟窮人的理念,在當時部落主義盛行,多神信仰,以及富人只管自己的文化當中,幾乎是挑戰權威的一股力量。從那裡開始論述的「吉哈德」,講到的就是內心善與惡的爭戰,還有受到逼迫時自身保護的行為,並沒有什麼侵略或是攻擊他人的含意在內。
這一連串因著堅定意志,和天時地利,與巧合之下,伊斯蘭的世界逐漸擴張在整個阿拉伯地區。到第6世紀開始,更是誕生了輝煌的文化,特別是他們著重翻譯和貿易,更是讓文化交流鼎盛。像是「一千零一夜」故事描述的繁華,還有現在數學基礎的阿拉伯數字和代數 (algebra),以及現代 AI 人工智慧必須由的「演算法」(algorithm) 都是從阿拉伯數學家 al- Khwārizmī 名字衍生的。在當時伊斯蘭文化強調的是對各種宗教信仰的兼容並蓄,社會的平等 (特別是對於窮人,另外伊斯蘭初期,婦女的地位也不低),和整體社會的和平發展。後來因著政治和接班人不明確的因素,什葉派和遜尼派的敵對,讓很多初期的善意開始變質。歷經鄂圖曼帝國百年的傳承後,包括阿富汗,土耳其,和伊朗,都有類似宗教改革的推動。但當時已經是面對20世紀的強大西方世界,因著石油的利益,讓這些改革受到嚴重的干擾。而1948年以色列建國產生的巴勒斯坦問題,更是挑起伊斯蘭世界最敏感的一根神經。
現在我們熟知的一些人物包括賓拉登,以及塔利班,和蓋達等組織,某一段時間之內其實是西方世界所連結的勢力。所以書本最後的一部分是在檢討這些恐怖的攻擊,真的是伊斯蘭世界挑起的戰爭,還是西方世界所埋下的種子?在這裡我就不要破梗了。
雖然這本書許多可蘭經內容,眾多烏瑪和哈里發的翻譯名字,不是那麼容易閱讀。但不要太在乎這些細節,還是可以掌握到一定的輪廓。冤冤相報的循環,到底要怎樣才能結束?我想引用我最欣賞的作 者,同時也是猶太拉比的Jonathan Sacks,在紐約 911 事件10周年紀念所發表的談話來總結:
“Whenever Me takes precedence over We, and pleasure today over viability tomorrow, a society is in trouble. If so, then the enemy is not radical Islam, it is us and our by now unsustainable self-indulgence. The West has expended much energy and courage fighting wars in Afghanistan and Iraq abroad and defeating terror at home. It has spent far less, if any, in renewing its own morality and the institutions — families, communities, ethical codes, standards in public life — where it is created and sustained. But if I am right, this is the West’s greatest weakness in the eyes of its enemies as well as its friends. The only way to save the world is to begin with ourselves. Our burden after 9/11 is to renew the moral disciplines of freedom. Some say it can’t be done. They are wrong: it can and must. Surely we owe the dead no less."
“當我們看重[我]超過[我們],看重今日的歡樂超過明日的繁榮,那麼社會就會陷入麻煩。這樣說來,我們的敵人並不是激烈的伊斯蘭主義,而是我們自己,和我們寅吃卯糧的個人主義。西方的世界用盡許多精力和勇力在阿富汗和伊拉克爭戰並且在國內防恐,卻幾乎沒有花時間精力在更新自身的道德,和創造並保持這些道德標準之處,包括:家庭,社群,道德共識,和在公開場合的行為標準。如果我想得沒有錯,那麼這就是西方世界敵人和盟友眼中,我們最大的弱點。拯救世界的方式,從檢視自己開始。911事件之後,我們共同的負擔就是要重新定義自由世界中的道德標準。很多人說這是不可能的,但我認為他們錯了,這是可能而且必須的。我們向所有逝去的犧牲者,有這樣的責任”
📚延伸閱讀📚
📗“Destiny Disrupted” 中文版 「中斷的天命」
這是我15年前讀的書,是一位伊朗學者從伊斯蘭世界的角度講述世界史,讓我眼界大開,也開始愛上從不同視角來了解世界史。
📙“Not in God’s s Name” 中文版「毋以神為名」
我2018的top 10 之一,也是我知道惟一一本Jonathan Sacks的中文書。原來宗教戰爭,常常是一種有忌妒衍生出來的兄弟鬩牆? “當宗教將人變為兇手,上帝痛心垂淚”
全文與延伸閱讀的連結在部落格中 👇👇👇
https://dushuyizhi.net/%e4%bc%8a%e6%96%af%e8%98%ad%e5%b8%9d%e5%9c%8b%e7%9a%84%e5%90%89%e5%93%88%e5%be%b7/
#伊斯蘭帝國的吉哈德 #興亡的世界史
同時也有1部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過38萬的網紅CH Music Channel,也在其Youtube影片中提到,《Binary Star/Cage》 Cage 作詞:SawanoHiroyuki[nZk] 作曲:SawanoHiroyuki[nZk] 編曲:SawanoHiroyuki[nZk], Benjamin Anderson, mpi 歌:Tielle 翻譯:CH 版權聲明: 本頻道不握有任何音樂所...
the burden of中文 在 VOP Facebook 的最佳貼文
VOP BOOKS/影言社譯叢出版預告
————————————————
周末愉快,和大家分享我們的出版訊息。
藝術史學者約翰.塔格(John Tagg)探討攝影、權力與再現論題的重要著作《The Burden of Representation: Essays on Photographies and Histories》(暫譯:再現的重負——複數的攝影與歷史論集),已由作者親自授權影言社發行中文版,並將收錄全新的導言文章,預計明年初推出,敬請期待。
約翰.塔格(1949-)自1976年在英國開啟學術生涯,1984年移居美國,現為紐約州立大學賓漢頓分校特聘教授(Distinguished Professor),以攝影與當代批判理論著稱。本書英文初版發行於1988年,是回應再現的政治性、論述攝影、現實與權力關係的經典之作。塔格拒絕將攝影作為現實紀錄的傳統,他透過符號學、文化理論以及傅柯(Foucault)和阿圖塞(Althusser)的思辨途徑,探究了護照、許可證還有證件檔案等照片的歷史,並在法庭、醫院及警察工作等日常的權力機制中,發掘照片的意義、狀態和影響,追溯鮮少受到注意的影像史脈,為攝影理論帶來啟發性的批判思考論據。美國明尼蘇達大學出版社亦將於今年11月推出英文新版。
_____________
Voices of Photography 攝影之聲
vopmagazine.com
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#影言社 #攝影 #再現
#JohnTagg #representation
#photography #VOPBOOKS
the burden of中文 在 Roger Chung 鍾一諾 Facebook 的最佳貼文
今早為Asian Medical Students Association Hong Kong (AMSAHK)的新一屆執行委員會就職典禮作致詞分享嘉賓,題目為「疫情中的健康不公平」。
感謝他們的熱情款待以及為整段致詞拍了影片。以下我附上致詞的英文原稿:
It's been my honor to be invited to give the closing remarks for the Inauguration Ceremony for the incoming executive committee of the Asian Medical Students' Association Hong Kong (AMSAHK) this morning. A video has been taken for the remarks I made regarding health inequalities during the COVID-19 pandemic (big thanks to the student who withstood the soreness of her arm for holding the camera up for 15 minutes straight), and here's the transcript of the main body of the speech that goes with this video:
//The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, continues to be rampant around the world since early 2020, resulting in more than 55 million cases and 1.3 million deaths worldwide as of today. (So no! It’s not a hoax for those conspiracy theorists out there!) A higher rate of incidence and deaths, as well as worse health-related quality of life have been widely observed in the socially disadvantaged groups, including people of lower socioeconomic position, older persons, migrants, ethnic minority and communities of color, etc. While epidemiologists and scientists around the world are dedicated in gathering scientific evidence on the specific causes and determinants of the health inequalities observed in different countries and regions, we can apply the Social Determinants of Health Conceptual Framework developed by the World Health Organization team led by the eminent Prof Sir Michael Marmot, world’s leading social epidemiologist, to understand and delineate these social determinants of health inequalities related to the COVID-19 pandemic.
According to this framework, social determinants of health can be largely categorized into two types – 1) the lower stream, intermediary determinants, and 2) the upper stream, structural and macro-environmental determinants. For the COVID-19 pandemic, we realized that the lower stream factors may include material circumstances, such as people’s living and working conditions. For instance, the nature of the occupations of these people of lower socioeconomic position tends to require them to travel outside to work, i.e., they cannot work from home, which is a luxury for people who can afford to do it. This lack of choice in the location of occupation may expose them to greater risk of infection through more transportation and interactions with strangers. We have also seen infection clusters among crowded places like elderly homes, public housing estates, and boarding houses for foreign domestic helpers. Moreover, these socially disadvantaged people tend to have lower financial and social capital – it can be observed that they were more likely to be deprived of personal protective equipment like face masks and hand sanitizers, especially during the earlier days of the pandemic. On the other hand, the upper stream, structural determinants of health may include policies related to public health, education, macroeconomics, social protection and welfare, as well as our governance… and last, but not least, our culture and values. If the socioeconomic and political contexts are not favorable to the socially disadvantaged, their health and well-being will be disproportionately affected by the pandemic. Therefore, if we, as a society, espouse to address and reduce the problem of health inequalities, social determinants of health cannot be overlooked in devising and designing any public health-related strategies, measures and policies.
Although a higher rate of incidence and deaths have been widely observed in the socially disadvantaged groups, especially in countries with severe COVID-19 outbreaks, this phenomenon seems to be less discussed and less covered by media in Hong Kong, where the disease incidence is relatively low when compared with other countries around the world. Before the resurgence of local cases in early July, local spread of COVID-19 was sporadic and most cases were imported. In the earlier days of the pandemic, most cases were primarily imported by travelers and return-students studying overseas, leading to a minor surge between mid-March and mid-April of 874 new cases. Most of these cases during Spring were people who could afford to travel and study abroad, and thus tended to be more well-off. Therefore, some would say the expected social gradient in health impact did not seem to exist in Hong Kong, but may I remind you that, it is only the case when we focus on COVID-19-specific incidence and mortality alone. But can we really deduce from this that COVID-19-related health inequality does not exist in Hong Kong? According to the Social Determinants of Health Framework mentioned earlier, the obvious answer is “No, of course not.” And here’s why…
In addition to the direct disease burden, the COVID-19 outbreak and its associated containment measures (such as economic lockdown, mandatory social distancing, and change of work arrangements) could have unequal wider socioeconomic impacts on the general population, especially in regions with pervasive existing social inequalities. Given the limited resources and capacity of the socioeconomically disadvantaged to respond to emergency and adverse events, their general health and well-being are likely to be unduly and inordinately affected by the abrupt changes in their daily economic and social conditions, like job loss and insecurity, brought about by the COVID-19 outbreak and the corresponding containment and mitigation measures of which the main purpose was supposedly disease prevention and health protection at the first place. As such, focusing only on COVID-19 incidence or mortality as the outcomes of concern to address health inequalities may leave out important aspects of life that contributes significantly to people’s health. Recently, my research team and I collaborated with Sir Michael Marmot in a Hong Kong study, and found that the poor people in Hong Kong fared worse in every aspects of life than their richer counterparts in terms of economic activity, personal protective equipment, personal hygiene practice, as well as well-being and health after the COVID-19 outbreak. We also found that part of the observed health inequality can be attributed to the pandemic and its related containment measures via people’s concerns over their own and their families’ livelihood and economic activity. In other words, health inequalities were contributed by the pandemic even in a city where incidence is relatively low through other social determinants of health that directly concerned the livelihood and economic activity of the people. So in this study, we confirmed that focusing only on the incident and death cases as the outcomes of concern to address health inequalities is like a story half-told, and would severely truncate and distort the reality.
Truth be told, health inequality does not only appear after the pandemic outbreak of COVID-19, it is a pre-existing condition in countries and regions around the world, including Hong Kong. My research over the years have consistently shown that people in lower socioeconomic position tend to have worse physical and mental health status. Nevertheless, precisely because health inequality is nothing new, there are always voices in our society trying to dismiss the problem, arguing that it is only natural to have wealth inequality in any capitalistic society. However, in reckoning with health inequalities, we need to go beyond just figuring out the disparities or differences in health status between the poor and the rich, and we need to raise an ethically relevant question: are these inequalities, disparities and differences remediable? Can they be fixed? Can we do something about them? If they are remediable, and we can do something about them but we haven’t, then we’d say these inequalities are ultimately unjust and unfair. In other words, a society that prides itself in pursuing justice must, and I say must, strive to address and reduce these unfair health inequalities. Borrowing the words from famed sociologist Judith Butler, “the virus alone does not discriminate,” but “social and economic inequality will make sure that it does.” With COVID-19, we learn that it is not only the individuals who are sick, but our society. And it’s time we do something about it.
Thank you very much!//
Please join me in congratulating the incoming executive committee of AMSAHK and giving them the best wishes for their future endeavor!
Roger Chung, PhD
Assistant Professor, CUHK JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, @CUHK Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong 香港中文大學 - CUHK
Associate Director, CUHK Institute of Health Equity
the burden of中文 在 CH Music Channel Youtube 的最讚貼文
《Binary Star/Cage》
Cage
作詞:SawanoHiroyuki[nZk]
作曲:SawanoHiroyuki[nZk]
編曲:SawanoHiroyuki[nZk], Benjamin Anderson, mpi
歌:Tielle
翻譯:CH
版權聲明:
本頻道不握有任何音樂所有權,亦無任何營利,一切僅為推廣用途。音樂所有權歸原始創作者所有。請支持正版。
Copyright Info:
Be aware this channel is for promotion purpose only without any illegal profit. All music's ownership belongs to the original creators.
Please support the original creator.
すべての権利は正当な所有者/作成者に帰属します。あなたがこの音楽(または画像)の作成者で、この動画に使用されたくない場合はメッセージまたはこのYoutubeチャンネルの概要のメールアドレスにご連絡ください。私はすぐに削除します。
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背景 / Background - 嘘つきの左眼 - 房野 :
https://www.pixiv.net/member_illust.php?mode=medium&illust_id=27464560
翻譯連結 / Referenced Translation :
https://home.gamer.com.tw/creationDetail.php?sn=4003390
英文歌詞 / English Lyrics :
Tired of being rescued' cause it's just a gilded cage
I must make amends for all the mess my elders made
I was born to lead you all away from your crusade
Nations held in anguish had me boiling with a rage
Ordinary life alluded me
For my duty you are losing me
You are one of my few weaknesses
But this girl has deep allegiances
In the meantime the shields are down
I'm in a spacial place
Survivor
Can you see my frozen dream?
My frozen dream can never be
It is a paradox, you see
Such a frozen dream
Such a frozen dream can never be
Never be
Waited for a century, It's only gotten worse
People want to stop me when I try to lift the curse
We are isolated and in close proximity
Sisters and our brothers living in this galaxy
Ordinary life alluded me
Was it worth it just for saving me?
You are one of my few weaknesses
But this girl has deep allegiances
In the meantime the shields are down
I'm in a spacial place
Survivor
Can you see
My frozen dream?
My frozen dream can never be
It is a paradox you see
Such a frozen dream
Such a frozen dream can never pass
This event horizon
We've such a golden dream
Such a golden dream can never last
My burden lifted
I am free
Such a foolish dream
Such a foolish dream can never be
Breaks my mind just tryin' to see
Is there hope anywhere?
Is there love here anywhere?
Can you hear my rusted heart?
For you it just might fall apart
My hope is broken
Can you see such a golden dream?
Such a frozen dream can never pass
This event horizon
We've such a golden dream
Such a golden dream can never last
My burden lifted
I am free
Such a foolish dream
Such a foolish dream can never be
Breaks my mind just tryin' to see
Is there hope anywhere?
Is there love here anywhere?
Is there faith anywhere?
Just a crumb here anywhere?
中文歌詞 / Chinese Lyrics :
身困華而不實的牢籠,早已令我身心疲倦,對於他人的救助僅是視若無睹
先人們犯下的總總錯誤,使我不得不親自導回正軌
我誕生於此的原因,僅僅是為了將你遠離一切虛偽的崇高理想
哪怕,陷入水深火熱的家園使我遷怒於這世界
平靜的生活,正暗示著
為擔起重任,我只得漸漸離你而去
深刻理解到你對我多麼重要,使我更加懦弱、退縮
但你仍不懈地真心鼓勵我前行
無形之中,我的一切迷惘也漸漸潰堤
因為有你,我才能夠——
得以倖存
你能否看見?我那封塵已久的夢想?
那如天方夜譚般、遙不可及的理想?
聽起來彷彿悖論般多麼矛盾不堪
但即使,這樣的夢想艱難險阻
即使,這樣的夢想難償所願
我也永不放棄
時間更迭、轉瞬流逝,人們的對立卻越演越烈
當我試圖減輕一切苦痛,卻遭人制止
同為這世界一份子的人們啊
為何彼此如此親近,卻又帶有衝突的隔閡?
平庸的生活,正叩問著
試圖導正一切,究竟是否值得?
擾人思緒的種種想法,使我更加懦弱、退縮
但你仍不懈地真心鼓勵我前行
漸漸發現,我的一切迷惘也逐一潰堤
只因為是你,我才能夠——
繼續向前邁進
你能否看見?
我那早已放棄的夢想?
那永不可能達成的、孩童般的理想
那時看來,是多麼荒謬的悖論
但即使,這樣的夢想難以實現
即使,這樣的夢想可能無法越過——
那毫無光明的視界,我也......
我們現在有了,多麼美好的理想?
僅存於此的璀燦理想
沉重的負擔漸輕
終得重見天日
現在看,那是多麼單純的理想
那是看似多麼遙不可及的純真理想
光是憶起就如此耀眼
現在,是否還存有那樣的祈望?
現在,是否還存有,那樣的熱忱?
你能否憶起,我那銹蝕的心曾發出的號哭?
就你聽起,恐怕彷彿分崩離析般地向四處哭號
我曾毫無一絲希望
但你能否看見?那璀燦閃耀的理想?
那曾遙不可及的理想,也早已——
展露新視界
我們現有著,多麼美好的理想?
僅存於此的璀燦理想
沉重的負擔漸輕
終得重見天日
現在看,那是多麼單純的理想
那曾看似那麼遙不可及的純真理想
光是憶起就如此耀眼
是否還存有當時的祈望?
是否還存有,當時的熱忱?
是否還存有當時的一絲信念?
還是說這裡僅存有,那曾令夢想成真的碎片?