「語言人類學」是人類學美國系統之中的四大分科之一,是人類學專業訓練中必修的科目,也代表著人類學家最重要的研究工具之一即是從學習研究對象的語言出發,藉此認識另一個文化的深層。
這篇來自【The News Lens關鍵評論】上的文章轉載分享了《活出語言來:語言人類學導論》一書的部分,帶我們看到語言人類學家如何思考語言、討論語言。
----------------------
雖然雙語主義(說兩種語言的能力)或多語主義(說兩種或更多種語言的能力)相當普遍,我們還是難以準確估計全球有多少人口可以說兩種以上的語言,因為,出乎意料地,估算到底有多少種語言並不容易。再者,到底怎麼樣才算一個語言也是難題,原因如下。第一,世界上到底有幾種經常使用的語言始終是變動的,因為許多語言正在死亡(見第十二章)。第二,根據估計,世界上四分之一的語言只有不到一千人正在使用,要找到這些使用者並且研究他們並不容易(Lewis, M. P. 2006)。第三,全球化造成移民人數大增,溝通科技的發展也促進了觀念、語言、不對等結構的跨國流動,這些都造就了「混合式的、用語融合式的多語能力主義風格」(creolized, mixed idioms of polyglottism),意即:複雜的、創意的語言混合(Jacquemet 2005: 263)。
最後的原因是,目前沒有區分「語言」(language)和「方言」(dialect)的普世皆然、廣泛接受的標準。被稱為「語言」和被稱為「方言」的說話方式之間的差異,最後歸結於政治、文化、歷史因素(Lippi-Green 1997)。以下這段知名文字經常被認為源於語言學家溫里克(Max Weinreich),但是,溫里克認為出處是來自一位於1940年參與他的演講的高中老師:「語言是帶有陸軍和海軍的方言。」換句話說,被稱為「語言」的說話方式通常有國家體制政治力量的支持,並且由官方宣告該語言是國家語言或官方語言。因此,被認定為語言或方言的語言差異並非源自字彙或文法的重覆數量,也並非源於相互可理解性,而是根植於地緣政治因素。
舉例來說,瑞典語(Swedish)和挪威語(Norwegian)被視為兩種語言(分別為瑞典和挪威的官方語言),然而,這兩種語言的使用者完全可以理解對方(Childs 2006)。同樣地,雖然印度語(Hindi)和烏爾都語(Urdu)的書寫文字不同,但是,口說語言有很高的重疊性。然而,由於這兩種語言分別屬於印度和巴基斯坦兩個國家,他們因此被視為兩種語言。另一方面,雖然作為中文「方言」的廣東話(Cantonese)和普通話的書寫文字很類似,但是口說語言的相互可理解性很低。
(以上引用網頁原文)
https://www.thenewslens.com/article/131561?utm_campaign=sharebtn&utm_medium=facebook&utm_source=social2017&fbclid=IwAR1QaM67wpM8RHivqQSDEK5FKlTe4pm6Hw0hlbu6rOAQ8_h3DXRxfllMzic
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urdu news 在 Mat Travel Facebook 的最佳解答
23days In India - Teen Khoobsurat Kaur. ⛰
TIPS dan sampingan:
1. If you talk to a man in a language, he understands, that goes to his head. If you talk to him in his language, that goes to his heart. - Nelson Mandela
(Belajar sikit hindi, koshur, urdu, ladakhi boleh dapat half price, free and more. Ini cerita benar.)
2. Always think positive and more positive things will come (we always said "maaf ji, sirf dekhna.Koi Pese" Haa betul2 lepas tu takde duit. Hilang 😭). Kawal apa yang kita cakap, apa yang kita fikir. Doa seorang musafir adalah mustajab. Tapi alhamdulillah semua yang kami jumpa percayalah sangat2 baik. Sangat2 membantu mengurangkan kos travel kami.
3. Taj Mahal sangat ramai orang. Locals. Tolong jangan pergi time weekend okay. Elakkan. Sesak macam pasar dah. Jumaat closed. Take note.
4. Saya memang tidak membuat sebarang booking, semua on the spot. Konsep kami, ada ok. Takde jalan. Hahahahahaah. But being prepared is always much better.
5. Jaga solat okay. Allah jaga kita.
6. Kami banyak aktiviti dengan local - Macam2 kami tahu, belajar dan semua tu buatkan kami lebih bersyukur dengan apa yang kami ada. (kenal dari CS)
7. Study dulu sebelum angkat kaki terbang. Banyak otai2 yang boleh di refer untuk travel ke india ni.
8. Always update news apa jadi kat sana supaya kita sentiasa aware!
9. Kami clash dengan Muharram festivals (tak aware yang India ada sambutan untuk Awal Muharram) sewaktu di Agra menyebabkan pergerakan kami sukar. Terpaksa berjalan kaki untuk jarak yang jauh. 'Ter'join sekali la perarakan yang disertai senjata tajam seperti parang pedang kayu2. Agak menakutkan dan bahaya. Tak tahu mana datang berani untuk main redah je. 🤦♀️😭
Kredit: Aisyah Arof
#india
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