這是前些日子爆出已經被加拿大法院接理對藏傳佛教噶舉派法王的訟訴。(加拿大法院鏈接在此:https://www.bccourts.ca/jdb-txt/sc/21/09/2021BCSC0939cor1.htm?fbclid=IwAR2FLZlzmUIGTBaTuKPVchEqqngcE3Qy6G_C0TWNWVKa2ksbIYkVJVMQ8f8)
這位法王的桃色事件,我是幾年前才聽到。但,藏傳佛教的高層有這些性醜聞,我已經聽了幾十年。我以前的一位前女友也被一些堪布藉故上她的家摟抱過,也有一些活佛跟她表白。(這不只是她,其他地方我也聽過不少)
這是一個藏傳佛教裡面系統式的問題。
很多時候發生這種事情,信徒和教主往往都是說女方得不到寵而報仇,或者說她們也精神病,或者說她們撒謊。
我不排除有這種可能性,但,多過一位,甚至多位出來指證的時候,我是傾向於相信『沒有那麼巧這麼多有精神病的女人要撒謊來報仇』。
大寶法王的桃色事件,最先吹哨的是一位台灣的在家信徒,第二位是香港的女出家人,現在加拿大又多一位公開舉報上法庭。
對大寶法王信徒來說,這一次的比較麻煩,因為是有孩子的。(關於有孩子的,我早在法王的桃色事件曝光時,就有聽聞)
如果法庭勒令要驗證DNA,這對法王和他的信徒來說,會很尷尬和矛盾,因為做或不做,都死。
你若問我,我覺得『人數是有力量的』,同時我也覺得之後有更多的人站出來,是不出奇的。
我也藉此呼籲各方佛教徒,如果你們真的愛佛教,先別說批判,但如鴕鳥般不討論這些爭議,你是間接害了佛教。
(下面是我從加拿大法院鏈接拷貝下來的內容,當中有很多細節。)
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND
ANALYSIS
A. The Spousal Support Claim in this Case
B. The Test to Amend Pleadings
C. Pleadings in Family Law Cases
D. The Legal Concept of a Marriage-Like Relationship
E. Is There a Reasonable Claim of a Marriage-Like Relationship?
F. Delay / Prejudice
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
[1] The claimant applies to amend her notice of family claim to seek spousal support. At issue is whether the claimant’s allegations give rise to a reasonable claim she lived with the respondent in a marriage-like relationship, so as to give rise to a potential entitlement to spousal support under the Family Law Act, S.B.C. 2011, c. 25 (“FLA”).
[2] The facts alleged by the claimant do not fit within a traditional concept of marriage. The claimant does not allege that she and the respondent ever lived together. Indeed, she has only met the respondent in person four times: twice very briefly in a public setting; a third time in private, when she alleges the respondent sexually assaulted her; and a fourth and final occasion, when she informed the respondent she was pregnant with his child.
[3] The claimant’s case is that what began as a non-consensual sexual encounter evolved into a loving and affectionate relationship. That relationship occurred almost entirely over private text messages. The parties rarely spoke on the telephone, and never saw one another during the relationship, even over video. The claimant says they could not be together because the respondent is forbidden by his station and religious beliefs from intimate relationships or marriage. Nonetheless, she alleges, they formed a marriage-like relationship that lasted from January 2018 to January 2019.
[4] The respondent denies any romantic relationship with the claimant. While he acknowledges providing emotional and financial support to the claimant, he says it was for the benefit of the child the claimant told him was his daughter.
[5] The claimant’s proposed amendment raises a novel question: can a secret relationship that began on-line and never moved into the physical world be like a marriage? In my view, that question should be answered by a trial judge after hearing all of the evidence. The alleged facts give rise to a reasonable claim the claimant lived with the respondent in a marriage-like relationship. Accordingly, I grant the claimant leave to amend her notice of family claim.
BACKGROUND
[6] It should be emphasized that this is an application to amend pleadings only. The allegations by the claimant are presumed to be true for the purposes of this application. Those allegations have not been tested in a court of law.
[7] The respondent, Ogyen Trinley Dorje, is a high lama of the Karma Kagyu School of Tibetan Buddhism. He has been recognized and enthroned as His Holiness, the 17th Gyalwang Karmapa. Without meaning any disrespect, I will refer to him as Mr. Dorje in these reasons for judgment.
[8] Mr. Dorje leads a monastic and nomadic lifestyle. His true home is Tibet, but he currently resides in India. He receives followers from around the world at the Gyuto Monetary in India. He also travels the world teaching Tibetan Buddhist Dharma and hosting pujas, ceremonies at which Buddhists express their gratitude and devotion to the Buddha.
[9] The claimant, Vikki Hui Xin Han, is a former nun of Tibetan Buddhism. Ms. Han first encountered Mr. Dorje briefly at a large puja in 2014. The experience of the puja convinced Ms. Han she wanted to become a Buddhist nun. She met briefly with Mr. Dorje, in accordance with Kagyu traditions, to obtain his approval to become a nun.
[10] In October 2016, Ms. Han began a three-year, three-month meditation retreat at a monastery in New York State. Her objective was to learn the practices and teachings of the Kagyu Lineage. Mr. Dorje was present at the retreat twice during the time Ms. Han was at the monastery.
[11] Ms. Han alleges that on October 14, 2017, Mr. Dorje sexually assaulted her in her room at the monastery. She alleges that she became pregnant from the assault.
[12] After she learned that she was pregnant, Ms. Han requested a private audience with Mr. Dorje. In November 2017, in the presence of his bodyguards, Ms. Han informed Mr. Dorje she was pregnant with his child. Mr. Dorje initially denied responsibility; however, he provided Ms. Han with his email address and a cellphone number, and, according to Ms. Han, said he would “prepare some money” for her.
[13] Ms. Han abandoned her plan to become a nun, left the retreat and returned to Canada. She never saw Mr. Dorje again.
[14] After Ms. Han returned to Canada, she and Mr. Dorje began a regular communication over an instant messaging app called Line. They also exchanged emails and occasionally spoke on the telephone.
[15] The parties appear to have expressed care and affection for one another in these communications. I say “appear to” because it is difficult to fully understand the meaning and intentions of another person from brief text messages, especially those originally written in a different language. The parties wrote in a private shorthand, sharing jokes, emojis, cartoon portraits and “hugs” or “kisses”. Ms. Han was the more expressive of the two, writing more frequently and in longer messages. Mr. Dorje generally participated in response to questions or prompting from Ms. Han, sometimes in single word messages.
[16] Ms. Han deposes that she believed Mr. Dorje was in love with her and that, by January 2018, she and Mr. Dorje were living in a “conjugal relationship”.
[17] During their communications, Ms. Han expressed concern that her child would be “illegitimate”. She appears to have asked Mr. Dorje to marry her, and he appears to have responded that he was “not ready”.
[18] Throughout 2018, Mr. Dorje transferred funds in various denominations to Ms. Han through various third parties. Ms. Han deposes that these funds were:
a) $50,000 CDN to deliver the child and for postpartum care she was to receive at a facility in Seattle;
b) $300,000 CDN for the first year of the child’s life;
c) $20,000 USD for a wedding ring, because Ms. Han wrote “Even if we cannot get married, you must buy me a wedding ring”;
d) $400,000 USD to purchase a home for the mother and child.
[19] On June 19, 2018, Ms. Han gave birth to a daughter in Richmond, B.C.
[20] On September 17, 2018, Mr. Dorje wrote, ”Taking care of her and you are my duty for life”.
[21] Ms. Han’s expectation was that the parties would live together in the future. She says they planned to live together. Those plans evolved over time. Initially they involved purchasing a property in Toronto, so that Mr. Dorje could visit when he was in New York. They also discussed purchasing property in Calgary or renting a home in Vancouver for that purpose. Ms. Han eventually purchased a condominium in Richmond using funds provided by Mr. Dorje.
[22] Ms. Han deposes that the parties made plans for Mr. Dorje to visit her and meet the child in Richmond. In October 2018, however, Mr. Dorje wrote that he needed to “disappear” to Europe. He wrote:
I will definitely find a way to meet her
And you
Remember to take care of yourself if something happens
[23] The final plan the parties discussed, according to Ms. Han, was that Mr. Dorje would sponsor Ms. Han and the child to immigrate to the United States and live at the Kagyu retreat centre in New York State.
[24] In January 2019, Ms. Han lost contact with Mr. Dorje.
[25] Ms. Han commenced this family law case on July 17, 2019, seeking child support, a declaration of parentage and a parentage test. She did not seek spousal support.
[26] Ms. Han first proposed a claim for spousal support in October 2020 after a change in her counsel. Following an exchange of correspondence concerning an application for leave to amend the notice of family claim, Ms. Han’s counsel wrote that Ms. Han would not be advancing a spousal support claim. On March 16, 2020, counsel reversed course, and advised that Ms. Han had instructed him to proceed with the application.
[27] When this application came on before me, the trial was set to commence on June 7, 2021. The parties were still in the process of discoveries and obtaining translations for hundreds of pages of documents in Chinese characters.
[28] At a trial management conference on May 6, 2021, noting the parties were not ready to proceed, Madam Justice Walkem adjourned the trial to April 11, 2022.
ANALYSIS
A. The Spousal Support Claim in this Case
[29] To claim spousal support in this case, Ms. Han must plead that she lived with Mr. Dorje in a marriage-like relationship. This is because only “spouses” are entitled to spousal support, and s. 3 of the Family Law Act defines a spouse as a person who is married or has lived with another person in a marriage-like relationship:
3 (1) A person is a spouse for the purposes of this Act if the person
(a) is married to another person, or
(b) has lived with another person in a marriage-like relationship, and
(i) has done so for a continuous period of at least 2 years, or
(ii) except in Parts 5 [Property Division] and 6 [Pension Division], has a child with the other person.
[30] Because she alleges she has a child with Mr. Dorje, Ms. Han need not allege that the relationship endured for a continuous period of two years to claim spousal support; but she must allege that she lived in a marriage-like relationship with him at some point in time. Accordingly, she must amend the notice of family claim.
B. The Test to Amend Pleadings
[31] Given that the notice of trial has been served, Ms. Han requires leave of the court to amend the notice of family claim: Supreme Court Family Rule 8-1(1)(b)(i).
[32] A person seeking to amend a notice of family claim must show that there is a reasonable cause of action. This is a low threshold. What the applicant needs to establish is that, if the facts pleaded are proven at trial, they would support a reasonable claim. The applicant’s allegations of fact are assumed to be true for the purposes of this analysis. Cantelon v. Wall, 2015 BCSC 813, at para. 7-8.
[33] The applicant’s delay, the reasons for the delay, and the prejudice to the responding party are also relevant factors. The ultimate consideration is whether it would be just and convenient to allow the amendment. Cantelon, at para. 6, citing Teal Cedar Products Ltd. v. Dale Intermediaries Ltd. et al (1986), 19 B.C.L.R. (3d) 282.
C. Pleadings in Family Law Cases
[34] Supreme Court Family Rules 3-1(1) and 4-1(1) require that a claim to spousal support be pleaded in a notice of family claim in Form F3. Section 2 of Form F3, “Spousal relationship history”, requires a spousal support claimant to check the boxes that apply to them, according to whether they are or have been married or are or have been in a marriage-like relationship. Where a claimant alleges a marriage-like relationship, Form F3 requires that they provide the date on which they began to live together with the respondent in a marriage-like relationship and, where applicable, the date on which they separated. Form F3 does not require a statement of the factual basis for the claim of spousal support.
[35] In this case, Ms. Han seeks to amend the notice of family claim to allege that she and Mr. Dorje began to live in a marriage-like relationship in or around January 2018, and separated in or around January 2019.
[36] An allegation that a person lived with a claimant in a marriage-like relationship is a conclusion of law, not an allegation of fact. Unlike the rules governing pleadings in civil actions, however, the Supreme Court Family Rules do not expressly require family law claimants to plead the material facts in support of conclusions of law.
[37] In other words, there is no express requirement in the Supreme Court Family Rules that Ms. Han plead the facts on which she relies for the allegation she and Mr. Dorje lived in a marriage-like relationship.
[38] Rule 4-6 authorizes a party to demand particulars, and then apply to the court for an order for further and better particulars, of a matter stated in a pleading. However, unless and until she is granted leave and files the proposed amended notice of family claim, Ms. Han’s allegation of a marriage-like relationship is not a matter stated in a pleading.
[39] Ms. Han filed an affidavit in support of her application to amend the notice of family claim. Normally, evidence would not be required or admissible on an application to amend a pleading. However, in the unusual circumstances of this case, the parties agreed I may look to Ms. Han’s affidavit and exhibits for the facts she pleads in support of the allegation of a marriage-like relationship.
[40] Because this is an application to amend - and Ms. Han’s allegations of fact are presumed to be true - I have not considered Mr. Dorje’s responding affidavit.
[41] Relying on affidavit evidence for an application to amend pleadings is less than ideal. It tends to merge and confuse the material facts with the evidence that would be relied on to prove those facts. In a number of places in her affidavit, for example, Ms. Han describes her feelings, impressions and understandings. A person’s hopes and intentions are not normally material facts unless they are mutual or reasonably held. The facts on which Ms. Han alleges she and Mr. Dorje formed a marriage-like relationship are more important for the present purposes than her belief they entered into a conjugal union.
[42] Somewhat unusually, in this case, almost all of the parties’ relevant communications were in writing. This makes it somewhat easier to separate the facts from the evidence; however, as stated above, it is difficult to understand the intentions and actions of a person from brief text messages.
[43] In my view, it would be a good practice for applicants who seek to amend their pleadings in family law cases to provide opposing counsel and the court with a schedule of the material facts on which they rely for the proposed amendment.
D. The Legal Concept of a Marriage-Like Relationship
[44] As Mr. Justice Myers observed in Mother 1 v. Solus Trust Company, 2019 BCSC 200, the concept of a marriage-like relationship is elastic and difficult to define. This elasticity is illustrated by the following passage from Yakiwchuk v. Oaks, 2003 SKQB 124, quoted by Myers J. at para. 133 of Mother 1:
[10] Spousal relationships are many and varied. Individuals in spousal relationships, whether they are married or not, structure their relationships differently. In some relationships there is a complete blending of finances and property - in others, spouses keep their property and finances totally separate and in still others one spouse may totally control those aspects of the relationship with the other spouse having little or no knowledge or input. For some couples, sexual relations are very important - for others, that aspect may take a back seat to companionship. Some spouses do not share the same bed. There may be a variety of reasons for this such as health or personal choice. Some people are affectionate and demonstrative. They show their feelings for their “spouse” by holding hands, touching and kissing in public. Other individuals are not demonstrative and do not engage in public displays of affection. Some “spouses” do everything together - others do nothing together. Some “spouses” vacation together and some spend their holidays apart. Some “spouses” have children - others do not. It is this variation in the way human beings structure their relationships that make the determination of when a “spousal relationship” exists difficult to determine. With married couples, the relationship is easy to establish. The marriage ceremony is a public declaration of their commitment and intent. Relationships outside marriage are much more difficult to ascertain. Rarely is there any type of “public” declaration of intent. Often people begin cohabiting with little forethought or planning. Their motivation is often nothing more than wanting to “be together”. Some individuals have chosen to enter relationships outside marriage because they did not want the legal obligations imposed by that status. Some individuals have simply given no thought as to how their relationship would operate. Often the date when the cohabitation actually began is blurred because people “ease into” situations, spending more and more time together. Agreements between people verifying when their relationship began and how it will operate often do not exist.
[45] In Mother 1, Mr. Justice Myers referred to a list of 22 factors grouped into seven categories, from Maldowich v. Penttinen, (1980), 17 R.F.L. (2d) 376 (Ont. Dist. Ct.), that have frequently been cited in this and other courts for the purpose of determining whether a relationship was marriage-like, at para. 134 of Mother 1:
1. Shelter:
(a) Did the parties live under the same roof?
(b) What were the sleeping arrangements?
(c) Did anyone else occupy or share the available accommodation?
2. Sexual and Personal Behaviour:
(a) Did the parties have sexual relations? If not, why not?
(b) Did they maintain an attitude of fidelity to each other?
(c) What were their feelings toward each other?
(d) Did they communicate on a personal level?
(e) Did they eat their meals together?
(f) What, if anything, did they do to assist each other with problems or during illness?
(g) Did they buy gifts for each other on special occasions?
3. Services:
What was the conduct and habit of the parties in relation to:
(a) preparation of meals;
(b) washing and mending clothes;
(c) shopping;
(d) household maintenance; and
(e) any other domestic services?
4. Social:
(a) Did they participate together or separately in neighbourhood and community activities?
(b) What was the relationship and conduct of each of them toward members of their respective families and how did such families behave towards the parties?
5. Societal:
What was the attitude and conduct of the community toward each of them and as a couple?
6. Support (economic):
(a) What were the financial arrangements between the parties regarding the provision of or contribution toward the necessaries of life (food, clothing, shelter, recreation, etc.)?
(b) What were the arrangements concerning the acquisition and ownership of property?
(c) Was there any special financial arrangement between them which both agreed would be determinant of their overall relationship?
7. Children:
What was the attitude and conduct of the parties concerning children?
[46] In Austin v. Goerz, 2007 BCCA 586, the Court of Appeal cautioned against a “checklist approach”; rather, a court should "holistically" examine all the relevant factors. Cases like Molodowich provide helpful indicators of the sorts of behaviour that society associates with a marital relationship, the Court of Appeal said; however, “the presence or absence of any particular factor cannot be determinative of whether a relationship is marriage-like” (para. 58).
[47] In Weber v. Leclerc, 2015 BCCA 492, the Court of Appeal again affirmed that there is no checklist of characteristics that will be found in all marriages and then concluded with respect to evidence of intentions:
[23] The parties’ intentions – particularly the expectation that the relationship will be of lengthy, indeterminate duration – may be of importance in determining whether a relationship is “marriage-like”. While the court will consider the evidence expressly describing the parties’ intentions during the relationship, it will also test that evidence by considering whether the objective evidence is consonant with those intentions.
[24] The question of whether a relationship is “marriage-like” will also typically depend on more than just their intentions. Objective evidence of the parties’ lifestyle and interactions will also provide direct guidance on the question of whether the relationship was “marriage-like”.
[48] Significantly for this case, the courts have looked to mutual intent in order to find a marriage-like relationship. See, for example, L.E. v. D.J., 2011 BCSC 671 and Buell v. Unger, 2011 BCSC 35; Davey Estate v. Gruyaert, 2005 CarswellBC 3456 at 13 and 35.
[49] In Mother 1, Myers J. concluded his analysis of the law with the following learned comment:
[143] Having canvassed the law relating to the nature of a marriage-like relationship, I will digress to point out the problematic nature of the concept. It may be apparent from the above that determining whether a marriage-like relationship exists sometimes seems like sand running through one's fingers. Simply put, a marriage-like relationship is akin to a marriage without the formality of a marriage. But as the cases mentioned above have noted, people treat their marriages differently and have different conceptions of what marriage entails.
[50] In short, the determination of whether the parties in this case lived in a marriage-like relationship is a fact-specific inquiry that a trial judge would need to make on a “holistic” basis, having regard to all of the evidence. While the trial judge may consider the various factors listed in the authorities, those factors would not be treated as a checklist and no single factor or category of factors would be treated as being decisive.
E. Is There a Reasonable Claim of a Marriage-Like Relationship?
[51] In this case, many of the Molodowich factors are missing:
a) The parties never lived under the same roof. They never slept together. They were never in the same place at the same time during the relationship. The last time they saw each other in person was in November 2017, before the relationship began.
b) The parties never had consensual sex. They did not hug, kiss or hold hands. With the exception of the alleged sexual assault, they never touched one another physically.
c) The parties expressed care and affection for one another, but they rarely shared personal information or interest in their lives outside of their direct topic of communication. They did not write about their families, their friends, their religious beliefs or their work.
d) They expressed concern and support for one another when the other felt unwell or experienced health issues, but they did not provide any care or assistance during illness or other problems.
e) They did not assist one another with domestic chores.
f) They did not share their relationship with their peers or their community. There is no allegation, for example, that Mr. Dorje told his fellow monks or any of his followers about the relationship. There is no allegation that Ms. Han told her friends or any co-workers. Indeed, there is no allegation that anyone, with the exception of Ms. Han’s mother, knew about the relationship. Although Mr. Dorje gave Ms. Han’s mother a gift, he never met the mother and he never spoke to her.
g) They did not intend to have a child together. The child was conceived as a result of a sexual assault. While Mr. Dorje expressed interest in “meeting” the child, he never followed up. He currently has no relationship with the child. There is no allegation he has sought access or parenting arrangements.
[52] The only Molodowich factor of any real relevance in this case is economic support. Mr. Dorje provided the funds with which Ms. Han purchased a condominium. Mr. Dorje initially wrote that he wanted to buy a property with the money, but, he wrote, “It’s the same thing if you buy [it]”.
[53] Mr. Dorje also provided a significant amount of money for Ms. Han’s postpartum care and the child’s first year of life.
[54] This financial support may have been primarily for the benefit of the child. Even the condominium, Ms. Han wrote, was primarily for the benefit of the child.
[55] However, in my view, a trial judge may attach a broader significance to the financial support from Mr. Dorje than child support alone. A trial judge may find that the money Mr. Dorje provided to Ms. Han at her request was an expression of his commitment to her in circumstances in which he could not commit physically. The money and the gifts may be seen by the trial judge to have been a form of down payment by Mr. Dorje on a promise of continued emotional and financial support for Ms. Han, or, in Mr. Dorje’s own words, “Taking care of her and you are my duty for life” (emphasis added).
[56] On the other hand, I find it difficult to attach any particular significance to the fact that Mr. Dorje agreed to provide funds for Ms. Han to purchase a wedding ring. It appears to me that Ms. Han demanded that Mr. Dorje buy her a wedding ring, not that the ring had any mutual meaning to the parties as a marriage symbol. But it is relevant, in my view, that Mr. Dorje provided $20,000 USD to Ms. Han for something she wanted that was of no benefit to the child.
[57] Further, Ms. Han alleges that the parties intended to live together. At a minimum, a trial judge may find that the discussions about where Ms. Han and the child would live reflected a mutual intention of the parties to see one another and spend time together when they could.
[58] Mr. Dorje argues that an intention to live together at some point in the future is not sufficient to show that an existing relationship was marriage-like. He argues that the question of whether the relationship was marriage-like requires more than just intentions, citing Weber, supra.
[59] In my view, the documentary evidence referred to above provides some objective evidence in this case that the parties progressed beyond mere intentions. As stated, the parties appear to have expressed genuine care and affection for one another. They appear to have discussed marriage, trust, honesty, finances, mutual obligations and acquiring family property. These are not matters one would expect Mr. Dorje to discuss with a friend or a follower, or even with the mother of his child, without a marriage-like element of the relationship.
[60] A trial judge may find on the facts alleged by Ms. Han that the parties loved one another and would have lived together, but were unable to do so because of Mr. Dorje’s religious duties and nomadic lifestyle.
[61] The question I raised in the introduction to these reasons is whether a relationship that began on-line and never moved into the physical world can be marriage-like.
[62] Notably, the definition of a spouse in the Family Law Act does not require that the parties live together, only that they live with another person in a marriage-like relationship.
[63] In Connor Estate, 2017 BCSC 978, Mr. Justice Kent found that a couple that maintained two entirely separate households and never lived under the same roof formed a marriage-like relationship. (Connor Estate was decided under the intestacy provisions of the Wills, Estates and Succession Act, S.B.C. 2009, c. 13 ("WESA"), but courts have relied on cases decided under WESA and the FLA interchangeably for their definitions of a spouse.) Mr. Justice Kent found:
[50] The evidence is overwhelming and I find as a fact that Mr. Chambers and Ms. Connor loved and cared deeply about each other, and that they had a loving and intimate relationship for over 20 years that was far more than mere friendship or even so-called "friendship with benefits". I accept Mr. Chambers' evidence that he would have liked to share a home with Ms. Connor after the separation from his wife, but was unable to do so because of Ms. Connor's hoarding illness. The evidence amply supports, and I find as a fact, that Mr. Chambers and Ms. Connor loved each other, were faithful to each other, communicated with each other almost every day when they were not together, considered themselves to be (and presented themselves to be) "husband and wife" and were accepted by all who knew them as a couple.
[64] Connor Estate may be distinguishable from this case because Mr. Chambers and Ms. Connor were physically intimate for over 20 years, and presented themselves to the world as a married couple.
[65] Other decisions in which a marriage-like relationship has been found to exist despite the parties not living together have involved circumstances in which the couple lived under the same roof at previous points in the relationship, and the issue was whether they continued to be spouses after they took up separate residences: in Thompson v. Floyd, 2001 BCCA 78, the parties had lived together for a period of at least 11 years; in Roach v. Dutra, 2010 BCCA 264, the parties had lived together for approximately three years.
[66] However, as Mr. Justice Kent noted in Connor Estate:
[48] … [W]hile much guidance might be found in this case law, the simple fact is that no two cases are identical (and indeed they usually vary widely) and it is the assessment of evidence as a whole in this particular case which matters.
[67] Mr. Justice Kent concluded:
[53] Like human beings themselves, marriage-like relationships can come in many and various shapes. In this particular case, I have no doubt that such a relationship existed …
[68] As stated, Ms. Han’s claim is novel. It may even be weak. Almost all of the traditional factors are missing. The fact that Ms. Han and Mr. Dorje never lived under the same roof, never shared a bed and never even spent time together in person will militate against a finding they lived with one another in a marriage-like relationship. However, the traditional factors are not a mandatory check-list that confines the “elastic” concept of a marriage-like relationship. And if the COVID pandemic has taught us nothing else, it is that real relationships can form, blossom and end in virtual worlds.
[69] In my view, the merits of Ms. Han’s claim should be decided on the evidence. Subject to an overriding prejudice to Mr. Dorje, she should have leave to amend the notice of family claim. However, she should also provide meaningful particulars of the alleged marriage-like relationship.
F. Delay / Prejudice
[70] Ms. Han filed her notice of family claim on July 17, 2019. She brought this application to amend approximately one year and nine months after she filed the pleading, just over two months before the original trial date.
[71] Ms. Han’s delay was made all that more remarkable by her change in position from January 19, 2021, when she confirmed, through counsel, that she was not seeking spousal support in this case.
[72] Ms. Han gave notice of her intention to proceed with this application to Mr. Dorje on March 16, 2021. By the time the application was heard, the parties had conducted examinations for discovery without covering the issues that would arise from a claim of spousal support.
[73] Also, in April, Ms. Han produced additional documents, primarily text messages, that may be relevant to her claim of spousal support, but were undecipherable to counsel for Mr. Dorje, who does not read Mandarin.
[74] This application proceeded largely on documents selected and translated by counsel for Ms. Han. I was informed that Mandarin translations of the full materials would take 150 days.
[75] Understandably in the circumstances, Mr. Dorje argued that an amendment two months before trial would be neither just nor convenient. He argued that he would be prejudiced by an adjournment so as to allow Ms. Han to advance a late claim of spousal support.
[76] The circumstances changed on May 6, 2021, when Madam Justice Walkem adjourned the trial to July 2022 and reset it for 25 days. Madam Justice Walkem noted that most of the witnesses live internationally and require translators. She also noted that paternity may be in issue, and Mr. Dorje may amend his pleadings to raise that issue. It seems clear that, altogether apart from the potential spousal support claim, the parties were not ready to proceed to trial on June 7, 2021.
[77] In my view, any remaining prejudice to Mr. Dorje is outweighed by the importance of having all of the issues between the parties decided on their merits.
[78] Ms. Han’s delay and changes of position on spousal support may be a matter to de addressed in a future order of costs; but they are not grounds on which to deny her leave to amend the notice of family claim.
CONCLUSION
[79] Ms. Han is granted leave to amend her notice of family claim in the form attached as Appendix A to the notice of application to include a claim for spousal support.
[80] Within 21 days, or such other deadline as the parties may agree, Ms. Han must provide particulars of the marriage-like relationship alleged in the amended notice of family claim.
[81] Ms. Han is entitled to costs of this application in the cause of the spousal support claim.
“Master Elwood”
同時也有6部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過70萬的網紅Spice N' Pans,也在其Youtube影片中提到,This Stewed Napa Cabbage Chicken recipe was requested by one of our viewers but we haven't tried the restaurant she wanted us to copy. So we did some ...
「what not to eat on chinese new year」的推薦目錄:
- 關於what not to eat on chinese new year 在 江魔的魔界(Kong Keen Yung 江健勇) Facebook 的最佳貼文
- 關於what not to eat on chinese new year 在 CheckCheckCin Facebook 的精選貼文
- 關於what not to eat on chinese new year 在 玳瑚師父 Master Dai Hu Facebook 的最佳貼文
- 關於what not to eat on chinese new year 在 Spice N' Pans Youtube 的最讚貼文
- 關於what not to eat on chinese new year 在 This is Tina Youtube 的精選貼文
- 關於what not to eat on chinese new year 在 Zentonihon Youtube 的最佳貼文
what not to eat on chinese new year 在 CheckCheckCin Facebook 的精選貼文
【是日初七】傳說是人的生日所以叫「人日」
⭐有人喜歡今日拆利是賀生辰
⭐廣東人習俗今日會吃及第粥
#星期四食材
初七人日生日快樂!
雞蛋營養知多點
中國人傳統習俗生日會吃紅雞蛋,從前的人會用花紅粉為雞蛋染色,但花紅粉為工業用色素不利健康,所以現在改用紅色食用色素,或者用紅色玻璃紙包裹。雞蛋是一種老少咸宜的食材,從中醫角度來看它屬性平和,有滋陰潤燥、養血安胎及健腦的功效,但怎樣吃才是最好?來看看以下Q&A能否解決你對雞蛋的疑問。
雞蛋 — 性平,有滋陰潤燥,養血安胎及健腦,適合體質虛弱、營養不良、氣血不足、產婦、孕婦等。蛋黃能健腦益智,增強記憶力,適合嬰兒及小兒適量食用。注意發燒及腹瀉不宜。
問:一天只可吃一隻雞蛋?
答:答案是要視乎你的飲食模式,如果平日已經多吃蛋白質類食物,例如魚、肉、豆製品等,一天一隻雞蛋已經足夠;相反如果不多吃蛋白質類食物,則可以多吃蛋來補充營養。
問:聽說蛋黃膽固醇很高,只吃蛋白更健康嗎?
答:近年醫學界指從飲食中攝取的膽固醇,並不是導致人體血液膽固醇 增加 的主要因素,預防膽固醇增加應注意減少飽和脂肪和反式脂肪的攝取量。而蛋黃中含有許多營養素是蛋白沒有的,例如Omega-3、鐵、鋅、葉酸等,所以不要嫌棄蛋黃啊!
問:雞蛋哪種食法最好?
答:全熟烚蛋最好,因為生雞蛋含有抗生物素蛋白(avidin)令身體難以消化及吸收蛋白質,當雞蛋煮熟後蛋白結構會變化,蛋白質會易於被吸收,吃烚蛋我們可以吸收到雞蛋的蛋白質九成以上,但吃生蛋只可以吸收三至五成。而雞蛋中可能存在沙門氏菌,食用未完全煮熟的雞蛋例如溫泉蛋、溏心蛋等,會有感染沙門氏菌的風險,所以嬰幼兒、長者或抵抗力較差者宜吃全熟蛋。
留言或按讚👍🏻支持一下我們吧!❤️ 歡迎 Follow 我們獲得更多養生資訊。
Happy Humans’ Day on the 7th day of the Lunar New Year!
Learn more about nutrients in eggs
According to the Chinese tradition, individuals who celebrate their birthday will eat eggs that have been dyed red. In the past, people would dye the eggs with Rhodamine B, but it was not a healthy option because it is an industrial chemical. Nowadays people would dye the eggs with food coloring or just wrap it with red glass paper.
Eggs are suitable for both young and old to consume. From the perspective of Chinese Medicine, it is mild in nature, can nourish the yin and moisten the body, nourish the blood, improve the wellbeing of the fetus, and strengthen the brain. How should we prepare eggs to enjoy its greatest benefits? Let us look at the Q&A below to see if they can answer your questions.
Q: Can we eat more than one egg a day?
A: Depends on your diet. If you have consumed a lot of protein-based food like fish, meat and soy products, then one egg is enough; if there is a lack of protein in your diet, you can replenish it by taking more eggs.
Q: I heard the cholesterol in the yolk is very high, should we just eat the egg white?
A: According to recent medical studies, the cholesterol we consume through food is not the main contributor of the cholesterol in our blood. In order to prevent the cholesterol levels from rising, we need to monitor the consumption of foods that contain saturated and trans fat. Egg yolk, on the other hand, contains a lot of nutrients that are not found in the egg white, for instance, Omega-3, iron, zinc, and folic acid. So do not toss the egg yolk away!
Q: What is the best way to cook eggs?
A: Fully cooked eggs are the best because the raw ones contain avidin, which is hard to digest and to absorb the protein. When the eggs are cooked, the structure of the egg white will change, making it easier for the body to absorb. Our body can absorb at least 90% of the protein if they are completely boiled, but it can only absorb 30%-50% if the eggs are still raw. Moreover, eggs might contain salmonella, so we might risk getting an infection if we eat soft-boiled eggs and poached eggs that are not fully cooked. Therefore, toddlers and elders with a weak immune system are encouraged to consume eggs that are fully cooked.
Comment below or like 👍🏻 this post to support us. ❤️ Follow us for more healthy living tips.
#男 #女 #我狀態OK #人日
what not to eat on chinese new year 在 玳瑚師父 Master Dai Hu Facebook 的最佳貼文
【玳瑚師父客人見證】《玳瑚師父好厲害》
The Great Power of Master Dai Hu
文 / 吳女士
Written by: Ms Goh
非常感恩菩薩的慈悲,明明之中通過姐姐的介紹,讓我有機會認識師父。 姐姐介紹我看師父的臉書視頻,也跟我說有機會一定要撥電話給師父。
起初,我第一次看見師父的視頻, 沒有想到師父是那麼的年輕、英俊的師父😍。 心想這位師父這麼年輕,會厲害嗎?
在慢慢的繼續看視頻,讓我越來越想要撥電話給師父,希望師父能幫我改善我的生活。
將近15年來,我的胃因為工作的原因而出現了問題。 這問題看了好幾位醫生都沒法解決,可說是無藥可救。 我的身體就好比住了一隻活貓。 不能控制的,時不時就會發出貓叫聲,不騙你。 有時就像小貓肚子餓找食物的聲音,有時就像大貓要打架的聲音。同事聽了都會開玩笑,還給我取小名為貓貓 "Kitty"。在去年,新上司一聽到就皺眉頭,今年,年頭也因為這怪聲而被罵,哭到我眼睛腫到幾乎不能打開。工作的壓力、身體的問題,讓心情、心靈越來越不好。有時就想拿把刀切開肚子,把那只貓給抓出來。每當想起被罵的那一次,眼淚就不受控制的留下。😭
幾次試著撥電話給師父都打不通。天天在想, 天天心裡祈求,師父幫我。
在8月4日那天,感謝菩薩慈悲,感謝師父給我機會,電話的另一端不是電話錄音,而是師父的慈祥的聲音!我非常的開心,開心到一直在流眼淚,這是極度歡喜的眼淚。❤️
我非常的贊嘆師父的厲害!對於玄學、看八字非常的厲害。 他比我更瞭解我自己。
我對師父說,師父好像裝了閉路電視在我家。 師父所說的句句都對。百發百中!🎯
為師父掌聲鼓勵鼓勵!!👏🏻👏🏻👏🏻👏🏻👏🏻
師父說我適合吃西餐、日本餐,什麼餐都好就是不能吃麵條。因為面不適合我的五行。師父怎麼知道😲?我真的幾乎是餐餐都是麵條!因為胃不好,所以我喜歡吃面湯。
自從我聽了師父的話,不再吃麵條,也聽了師父的話,把我20多年的長髮給剪了,還做了一些有益我五行的改變,還有通過念經。
我看到了改變! 最讓我開心的是不用吃藥,跟隨我多年的"貓"病,這兩個多月都沒出現了。😄
就連我的同事也發覺了,說好久沒聽見貓的聲音。似乎已經跑掉了!工作上也比以前順利。心情也比以前平靜了好多💖
真的非常非常感恩師父❤️🙏🏻玳瑚師父988波道給我機會和力量向善向上。❤️
師父真的很棒!真的好厲害!💕👏🏻👏🏻👏🏻👏🏻👏🏻
南無阿彌陀佛🙏🏻
———————
I'm very grateful for Bodhisattva's Great Compassion for playing the role of a middleman. Through my Elder Sister, I got to know Master Dai Hu. My Sis encouraged me to look at Master Dai Hu's Facebook’s posts and told me that I should try to make a call to Master Dai Hu.
When I first saw Master Dai Hu's Facebook video, my first impression of Master Dai Hu was, he was so young and handsome-looking. I was thinking in the back of my mind, what great power will he have, for him being so young?
Gradually, after watching many Master Dai Hu's videos, my craving to want to look for Master Dai Hu's help grew greater. I wish that he could help me.
For the past 15 years, I developed gastric issue due to the nature of my work. I had sought help from many doctors but they couldn't seem to cure me. There was literally no cure to my condition. My stomach often involuntary made cat meowing sounds. It wasn't a joke. Even my doctors was puzzled by my sounds. But no treatment and medication could totally cured it. I often laugh and tell people that I swallow a cat alive. And this "cat" is living inside me. The involuntary sounds I made can seem like a small kitten looking for food from its mother. Sometime, it will sound like angry big cats going to engage into a fight. I often got teased by my colleagues. They even gave me a nickname "Kitty".
Things started to get worse this year, after I got transferred to a new department. Although I had explained to my "cat" issue to my new manager, she didn't seem to empathise with my condition. She would frown whenever she heard my meowing sounds. I felt so alien.
In the beginning of this year, there was an incident that happened, I was scolded by a senior for the sound I made. I felt so sad that I cried so bad. Both my eyes swelled until I couldn't even open them the next day. The stress from work and worsening health condition put me on the verge of depression. I was so angry, negative and frustrated with myself. I would often think of taking a knife to cut open my stomach to take that "cat" out of my body. Even till now, whenever I think of the scolding incident that happened, my eyes will well with tears.
After failing to call through Master Dai Hu a couple of times . I pray daily, prayed that one day Master Dai Hu will answer my call for help.
I want to thank Bodhisattva & Master Dai Hu for my wish comes true. On 4th August, the phone call didn't end in voicemail. It was Master Dai Hu's calming voice coming from the other end of the phone. I was so rejoiced! Tears of happiness kept flowing down my cheeks during my conversation with Master Dai Hu.
I am very impressed by the great power of Master Dai Hu. His accuracy in Chinese Metaphysics and Bazi is more than superb! He knows more about me than I know myself. I laughed telling Master Dai Hu, he must have installed CCTV at every corner of my house. Whatever he said, was so right! He deserves more than a round of applause 👏🏻👏🏻👏🏻👏🏻
Master Dai Hu told me that I'm suitable to eat any types of food, for example western food, Japanese food. All types of food except noodles. Noodles doesn't suit my five elements. I didn't even tell him that due to my stomach issue, I consumed noodle soup almost daily, as it is warm and light to my problematic stomach.
Ever since I adhered to Master Dai Hu's advice, I had stopped eating noodle, cut away my 20+years of long hair and did some changes that suited my five elements, and began reciting the name of Bodhisattva.
I saw changes! Without taking any medication, the "Cat" that lives within me seem to vanish! For more than 2 months! Even my colleagues notice. They said they had not heard my cat cries. I finally behaves normal, Good normal. My work is smoother. My mood seems calmer, peaceful. Life is more positive. I'm really happy. ❤️😇
I'm really very grateful for Master Dai Hu. ❤️
Thank you Master Dai Hu for creating Master Dai Hu Channel 988; for giving me a chance to learn.
what not to eat on chinese new year 在 Spice N' Pans Youtube 的最讚貼文
This Stewed Napa Cabbage Chicken recipe was requested by one of our viewers but we haven't tried the restaurant she wanted us to copy. So we did some research about it online and read the descriptions given by those who tried it to imagine how the dish would taste like. We’re not sure if this is exactly what she wants but we do like the taste of this dish. This Chinese chicken dish is perfect for family dinners and even Chinese New Year reunion dinner. Hope you'll enjoy it!
See the ingredient list below for your easy reference.
Hope you can recreate this yummy dish in the comfort of your home. Thanks for dropping by our channel.
Please subscribe to stay tuned to our home cooking videos.
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Thanks for watching! See you soon.
xoxo
Jamie
on behalf of Spice N’ Pans
Stewed Napa Cabbage Chicken 绍菜焖鸡
Ingredients
Serve 4 - 5 pax
————
Marinated chicken
------------------
1kg fresh chicken
2 tablespoons oyster sauce
2 tablespoons light soy sauce
2 tablespoons Chinese rice wine
A few dashes of pepper
1 thumb size ginger (lightly smashed)
1 stalk spring onion (lightly smashed)
Stuffing
-----------
1 tablespoon sesame oil
1 large shallot or 2 medium shallot
2 cloves of garlic
4 Chinese dried mushrooms
2 red dates (pitted)
60g ready-to-eat roasted chestnuts
1 tablespoon oyster sauce
1/4 teaspoon five spice powder
A few dashes of white pepper
2 - 3 tablespoons water
1/4 teaspoon sugar
Sauce
---------
1L water
2 tablespoons oyster sauce
1 tablespoon fermented soy bean paste (tau cheo)
1 tablespoon dark soy sauce
1/2 teaspoon sugar
After the chicken is cooked, remove from heat and add the following:
-------
2 tablespoons dark soy sauce (optional if you like your dish to be darker in colour)
1 tablespoon light soy sauce (optional if you like your dish to be more savoury)
Some cornstarch solution
2 tablespoons Chinese cooking wine (Shaoxing Huatiao wine)
1 tablespoon sesame oil
Other ingredient / material
-------------
8 pieces of large Napa cabbage or Wongbok leaves
4 butcher's strings
===
Don't know where to get the ingredients or don't know how they look like? See the links below.
Oyster sauce https://amzn.to/3jfwNPu
Fermented soy bean paste https://amzn.to/3m8tmeZ
Premium dark soy sauce https://amzn.to/3ih5vH5
Light soy sauce https://amzn.to/3dBZuBY
Ready-to-eat roasted chestnuts https://amzn.to/33pG54c
Chinese white rice wine https://amzn.to/31nOLao
White pepper https://amzn.to/33xJX4Z
Cornflour (cornstarch) https://amzn.to/2OGi6Xr
Chinese cooking wine: https://amzn.to/3bRGd0s
----------
Looking for similar cooking equipment like the one we used in the video? These might interest you:
Granite wok pan https://amzn.to/2DXEPMV
Multi-cooker https://amzn.to/326NYek
-------------
Filming equipment:
iPhone 11 Pro Max (Get from Amazon https://amzn.to/3eA24tz)
Microphone: Sennheiser AVX digital wireless microphone system
Get Sennheiser microphone in Singapore:
https://singapore.sennheiser.com/products/avx-mke2-set-3-uk?_pos=2&_sid=adb86a9d8&_ss=r
Get Sennheiser microphone from Amazon:
https://amzn.to/2NILqMR
-------------
If you like this recipe, you might like these too:
Super Crispy Fried Chicken Recipe 盐酥鸡 Taiwanese Style 超大鸡排-迷你版
https://youtu.be/HgApMC03EwY
Chinese Chicken & Vegetable Stir Fry Recipe
https://youtu.be/J80MuvPerKI
The BEST Chinese Fried Chicken! Kam Heong Chicken Recipe 甘香鸡
https://youtu.be/_1A94_ubsdQ
-------------
Disclaimer:
Spice N' Pans is not related to these products and cannot guarantee the quality of the products in the links provided. Links are provided here for your convenience. We can only stand by the brands of the products we used in the video and we highly recommend you to buy them. Even then, preference can be subjective. Please buy at your own risk. Some of the links provided here may be affiliated. These links are important as they help to fund this channel so that we can continue to give you more recipes. Cheers!
![post-title](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/kkNrHyGUsaU/hqdefault.jpg)
what not to eat on chinese new year 在 This is Tina Youtube 的精選貼文
It's My Birthday ! ! The perfect timing for this BIRTHDAY cover 🥳 Hope you enjoy this video and happy birthday to me!!
Anne-Marie -- BIRTHDAY COVER | ♡ LIKE & SUBSCRIBE & RING THE BELL If you enjoyed my video ➡️ https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0ejzproowNwUwOLbWkZY1Q?sub_confirmation=1
SAY HI TO ME ON
Instagram : @sweettinapotato ➡️www.instagram.com/sweettinapotato
Piano by Sing2Piano
Anne- Marie BIRTHDAY
Lyrics ( English + Chinese)
I'm another year older
我又大一歲了
I won't cry about you anymore
我不會再為你哭泣了
Told my friends to come over
告訴我的朋友過來
To dye my hair, mmh
來染我的頭髮
It's not even the weekend
甚至不是在周末
And I'm wearin' that dress I can't afford
我穿著我買不起的那件衣服
Givin' life a new meanin'
給生活賦予新的意義
Without you there
那裡沒有你
Do some stupid shit, maybe get a tattoo
做一些愚蠢的事情,也許會紋身
Whatever I can do to get my mind off you
我能做些什麼來讓我擺脫你的想法
It's my birthday
今天是我的生日
I'ma do what I like
我做我喜歡的事
I'ma eat what I like
我吃我喜歡的東西
I'ma kiss who I like
我吻我喜歡的人
It's my birthday
今天是我的生日
I'am do what I like
我做我喜歡的事
I'ma wear what I like
我穿我喜歡的衣服
I'ma party tonight
我今晚參加派對
Goddamn, it's my birthday
該死,這是我的生日
Everybody love me
每個人都愛我
Yeah, yeah, yeah, look at me, gimme money
是的,是的,看著我,給我錢
Damn, it's my birthday
該死,這是我的生日
Everybody love me
每個人都愛我
Nah, I ain't thinkin' 'bout you
不,我不會想你
It's my birthday
今天是我的生日
I blow out all the candles, uh
我把蠟燭全部吹滅了
I can't even afford my rent (hoo!)
我甚至付不起房租
So I'm not buyin' the drinks, 'cause
所以我不買酒,因為
I'ma leave that to my friends, yeah
我把那留給我的朋友們,是的
Vibin' out with everybody in the room (yeah)
當所有人在房間裡時大肆狂歡
That's what I do, that's what I do, yeah
那就是我所做的,那是我所做的,是的
Whatever I can do to get my mind off you (huh)
我想盡一切辦法讓你擺脫主意
That's what I do, that's what I do
那就是我所做的,那是我所做的
It's my birthday
今天是我的生日
I'ma do what I like
我做我喜歡的事
I'ma eat what I like
我吃我喜歡的東西
I'ma kiss who I like
我是吻我喜歡的人
It's my birthday
今天是我的生日
I'am do what I like
我做我喜歡的事
I'ma wear what I like
我穿我喜歡的衣服
I'ma party tonight
我今晚參加派對
Goddamn, it's my birthday
該死,這是我的生日
Everybody love me
每個人都愛我
Yeah, yeah, yeah, look at me, gimme money
是的,是的,看著我,給我錢
Damn, it's my birthday
該死,這是我的生日
Everybody love me
每個人都愛我
Nah, I ain't thinkin' 'bout you
不,我不會想你
It's my birthday
今天是我的生日
Ain't go any wiser
不會更明智
Gonna be hungover
會宿醉
Never learned my lesson (yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah)
從來沒有學過我的課
And I ain't gonna listen
而且我不會聽
I don't really care, 'cause (uh)
我不在乎,因為
It's my birthday (it's my birthday)
這是我的生日
I'ma do what I like
我做我喜歡的事
I'ma eat what I like (yeah)
我吃我喜歡的東西
I'ma kiss who I like
我是吻我喜歡的人
It's my birthday (it's my birthday)
這是我的生日
I'am do what I like (huh)
我做我喜歡的事
I'ma wear what I like
我穿我喜歡的衣服
I'ma party tonight
我今晚參加派對
Goddamn, it's my birthday
該死,這是我的生日
Everybody love me
每個人都愛我
Yeah, yeah, yeah, look at me, gimme money
是的,是的,看著我,給我錢
Damn, it's my birthday
該死,這是我的生日
Everybody love me
每個人都愛我
Nah, I ain't thinkin' 'bout you
不,我不會想你
It's my birthday, my birthday
這是我的生日,我的生日
And I ain't thinkin' 'bout you
我不會想你
It's my birthday (no) my birthday (no)
這是我的生日
And I ain't thinkin' 'bout you (no, yeah)
而且我不會想你
It's my birthday (yeah, it's my birthday), my birthday (and I'ma do whatever I like)
這是我的生日
And I ain't thinkin' 'bout you (do whatever I like)
而且我不會想你
It's my birthday (it's my), my birthday (it's my birthday)
這是我的生日
So you better treat me nice
所以你最好對我好
![post-title](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/NvEU7Wkq4Ho/hqdefault.jpg)
what not to eat on chinese new year 在 Zentonihon Youtube 的最佳貼文
Hello! First off, Happy Chinese New Year if you're celebrating, if not, Happy Chinese New Year!
I wanted to make a casual eat-while-i-talk-about-japan-stuffs so yeah.
Before starting, I would like to say that I am not trying to bash other countries or that I don't like my country. I LOVE MY COUNTRY its my home its my favourite place on earth, but i also love Japan and I just wanna talk about a few things that are different from what I am used to.
Also, I'm not sure if I look less excited in this video, I mean, I wasn't thinking too much! But I was really enjoying the food and all. Thats one thing I want to improve at in my videos.
Enjoy!!
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Hello my name is Zen and I live in Japan. Check out my social media for more life updates :)
こんにちは!日本に住んでるマレーシアの留学生ゼンです。日本のことが大好きだから ユウチュウブでいろいろ紹介することになりました。
よろしくお願いします!一緒に頑張ろうぜー^^
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