感謝 莊昕悅營養師 製圖 被營養耽誤的繪畫設計師🤣🤣
只是小筆記,有些paper還沒看完,之後都會有完整版發文,單純分享,歡迎互相討論唷!
希望我指導教授看到不會問我 阿我癌症的有沒有整理🤭
#吉米健身營養 #運動營養博士Jimmy #小筆記
碳水:
1. 碳水佔比:正常飲食佔50-60%、減醣飲食20-40%、生酮飲食10%以下。
2. 碳水主要來源是全榖雜糧、水果、蔬菜與牛奶,所以生酮飲食的碳水部分幾乎只能吃蔬菜、豆魚蛋肉、油脂與堅果種子。
3. 生酮飲食目前研究,不影響運動表現,但不建議在增肌期使用。
4. 精製糖(營養標示碳水化合物下面那行「糖」),每日建議攝取量:男生50g以下、女生40g以下。
5. 60公斤的人平均肝醣在肝中約100g,在肌肉中約350g。
6. 每公斤肌肉中肝醣含量為15g (1.5%)。肌肉約等於40%體重。
7. 肝醣帶水很重,肝醣1g會帶2.7g水,總重2.7+1=3.7g。如果你60 kg,肌肉量24 kg (佔24%),肝醣量360g(1.5%),水重為972g,肌肉加帶水總重為1.3 kg。
8. 運動後建議補充簡單醣類(精製醣)1.2g/kg體重,回補肝醣。
9. 碳水可以增加胰島素,胰島素不能幫助肌肉合成,但可以預防肌肉降解。
10. 飲食中碳水比例55%,最長壽。所以低碳飲食,除非攝取植物性蛋白與脂肪為主,不然不建議長期使用。
脂肪:
1. 肉類包含蛋白質與脂肪,肉吃多不會只有蛋白質攝取高,脂肪也會攝取過多。
2. 減脂時普遍不缺脂肪,酪梨與堅果都與屬於油脂類,再健康都不需要多吃。
3. 膽固醇大部分是內生性的,跟吃海鮮蛋黃無關,蛋黃一天可以超過一顆。
4. 脂肪補充不會增加耐力型運動表現。
蛋白質:
1. 減脂期飲食蛋白質高比例(1.6g/kg體重以上),可以幫助肌肉維持。
2. 重訓後,肌肉蛋白在48小時內,肌肉合成速度都會提高,這段時間都可以補充優質蛋白質或乳清。
3. 2001年Esmarck文獻認為運動後2小時內補充蛋白質對肌力提昇及肌肥大效果比較有效。(後幾年文獻很多不認同,認為蛋白質合成時間不應該這麼狹隘)
4. 平常人每餐一次吸收的蛋白質平均上限為20g。蛋白質攝取會隨著年紀而增加,老年人平均每餐上限約為40g。
5. 但有阻力訓練維持的人,蛋白攝入40g比20g有更高的肌肉蛋白合成。
6. 較新文獻認為,年輕人單餐攝入的優質蛋白質(即乳清)平均為0.31 g / kg。
7. 40 g蛋白質可以在夜晚睡眠中維持較高的肌肉蛋白質合成速率。
8. 最優質蛋白質(擁有全面性胺基酸)來源:蛋、牛奶、乳清。
9. 每公斤體重要吃多少g蛋白質?成人1.1、老人1.2、耐力訓練1.3-1.7、阻力訓練1.6-2.2。
10. 植物性蛋白缺乏全面胺基酸,可使用兩種素食蛋白(例如穀類與豆類)搭配使用及增加使用量,一樣有增肌效果。
11. 高蛋白飲食可以有效減少肝臟脂肪堆積。
牛奶與乳製品:
1. 豆漿是豆魚蛋肉類,牛奶是乳品類,不一樣。
2. 骨質疏鬆建議負重訓練與補充蛋白質以外,要額外補充鈣1000-1200 mg、維生素D3 800 I.U.,約等於3瓶牛奶、曬太陽20 min。
3. 即使都有補充蛋白質、維生素D3 、鈣,沒有負重訓練,可能會有骨密度下降的問題。
4. 增加骨密度最好的運動,跳繩!
5. 肌少症建議負重訓練與補充蛋白質,可減少TypeII肌肉降解,預防肌少症發生。
減重:
1. 減重的過程中,脂肪減少的比例要占減少總重量70%才算有效減重。(每減重1kg,要減脂肪重0.7kg以上。)
2. 減重一定要熱量赤字,沒有熱量赤字使用任何減脂方法都是無效的。
3. 隔日斷食:一天正常飲食,隔天吃800大卡內循環。
4. 五二輕斷食:五天正常飲食,二天吃500大卡內。
5. 186斷食:一天18小時不吃東西,6小時內進食完畢。
6. 間些性斷食可以減重/減脂、改善胰島素阻抗,降血糖血壓,降低體內發炎反應。但對於改善血脂差異不大。
7. 減脂期3個月後一定要進休息期,改善代謝適應造成的減重卡關。
8. 作弊日是指休息日,類是像五二輕斷食的那五天,是正常飲食,不是暴食!
9. 休息期的介入可以保留較多的肌肉並同時減少更多的脂肪,且基礎代謝率也不會因為熱量赤字而大幅下降。
10. 充足的睡眠有更好的減脂效果。
11. 科學文獻已經證實,沒有運動後燃脂效應。
12. 女生最健康體脂為22%,17%以下有停經的可能。
13. 訓練強度愈強,後續所帶來的減脂效果愈好。有氧減脂效果沒有比較好。
14. 運動當下是燃燒肝醣不是脂肪,運動當下不會減脂。
15. 運動的減脂效應是肌肉搶走脂肪原本要拿走的碳氫能源,使的脂肪能量收入少,開始減脂。
16. 運動後馬上進食,對於整體減脂效果更好。
17. 訓前訓後的營養支持,對於運動表現沒有影響。
增肌:
1. 運動後補充碳水0.9g /kg +蛋白質0.3 g/kg體重,可以幫助肝醣回補及肌肉合成。
2. 增肌期,新手熱量多500-1000大卡,肌肉合成快。但老手建議多250大卡即可,肌肉成長慢,過多熱量容易轉為脂肪。
3. 肌肉合成需要:重訓刺激、全面性胺基酸(優質蛋白質)的補充。
4. 碳水補充不會增加肌肉合成。
運動營養:
1. 文獻中認為pre-workout中最有效的補充劑就是肌酸與丙胺酸,可以增加運動表現。
2. 水合型肌酸是目前被公認最有效形式,每天5g補充即可。填充期被證明不需要也可以慢慢到達肌酸最大存量。
3. 文獻中證實HMB,對於新手肌肉成長十分有效。
4. 運動前補充咖啡因可以提高運動表現。
5. 低肝醣對於短時間(45m)運動不影響運動表現,但長時間會。
6. 高肝醣存量可以增加耐力型運動表現。
7. 耐力型運動可以增加粒線體數目,心室容積增加,有氧產能提昇。
8. 運動後補充碳水與蛋白質比例3:1,效果最好!(量要依照每人每日熱量換算)
9. 喝水量每天被建議每公斤體重30-40c.c. 但是科學文獻證實沒有喝水量建議(因為個體差異太大,所以要適當調整)
10. 喝水不會提昇代謝率幫忙減脂。
11. 喝冰水可以降低中心溫度,增加運動表現。
12. 人體在缺水2%才會感到口渴,3%會降低運動表現。
13. 運動中建議每15分鐘要喝一次水。
14. 含有醣類、胺基酸的運動飲料跟水比,更能提昇長時間的運動表現。
1. Margolis, L.M., et al., Coingestion of Carbohydrate and Protein on Muscle Glycogen Synthesis after Exercise: A Meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2020.
2. Biolo, G., et al., Insulin action on muscle protein kinetics and amino acid transport during recovery after resistance exercise. Diabetes, 1999. 48(5): p. 949-57.
3. Seidelmann, S.B., et al., Dietary carbohydrate intake and mortality: a prospective cohort study and meta-analysis. Lancet Public Health, 2018. 3(9): p. e419-e428.
4. Goedecke, J.H., et al., Metabolic adaptations to a high-fat diet in endurance cyclists. Metabolism, 1999. 48(12): p. 1509-17.
5. Garthe, I., et al., Effect of two different weight-loss rates on body composition and strength and power-related performance in elite athletes. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 2011. 21(2): p. 97-104.
6. Phillips, S.M., A brief review of critical processes in exercise-induced muscular hypertrophy. Sports Med, 2014. 44 Suppl 1(Suppl 1): p. S71-7.
7. Esmarck, B., et al., Timing of postexercise protein intake is important for muscle hypertrophy with resistance training in elderly humans. J Physiol, 2001. 535(Pt 1): p. 301-11.
8. Macnaughton, L.S., et al., The response of muscle protein synthesis following whole-body resistance exercise is greater following 40 g than 20 g of ingested whey protein. Physiol Rep, 2016. 4(15).
9. Moore, D.R., Maximizing Post-exercise Anabolism: The Case for Relative Protein Intakes. Front Nutr, 2019. 6: p. 147.
10. Trommelen, J. and L.J. van Loon, Pre-Sleep Protein Ingestion to Improve the Skeletal Muscle Adaptive Response to Exercise Training. Nutrients, 2016. 8(12).
11. van Vliet, S., N.A. Burd, and L.J. van Loon, The Skeletal Muscle Anabolic Response to Plant- versus Animal-Based Protein Consumption. J Nutr, 2015. 145(9): p. 1981-91.
12. Lynch, H.M., et al., No Significant Differences in Muscle Growth and Strength Development When Consuming Soy and Whey Protein Supplements Matched for Leucine Following a 12 Week Resistance Training Program in Men and Women: A Randomized Trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2020. 17(11).
13. Xu, C., et al., High-protein diet more effectively reduces hepatic fat than low-protein diet despite lower autophagy and FGF21 levels. Liver Int, 2020.
14. Kemmler, W., et al., Effects of High-Intensity Resistance Training on Osteopenia and Sarcopenia Parameters in Older Men with Osteosarcopenia-One-Year Results of the Randomized Controlled Franconian Osteopenia and Sarcopenia Trial (FrOST). J Bone Miner Res, 2020. 35(9): p. 1634-1644.
15. Cienfuegos, S., et al., Effects of 4- and 6-h Time-Restricted Feeding on Weight and Cardiometabolic Health: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Adults with Obesity. Cell Metab, 2020. 32(3): p. 366-378.e3.
16. Tinsley, G.M., et al., Time-restricted feeding plus resistance training in active females: a randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr, 2019. 110(3): p. 628-640.
17. Nedeltcheva, A.V., et al., Insufficient sleep undermines dietary efforts to reduce adiposity. Ann Intern Med, 2010. 153(7): p. 435-41.
18. Lytle, J.R., et al., Predicting Energy Expenditure of an Acute Resistance Exercise Bout in Men and Women. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2019. 51(7): p. 1532-1537.
19. Huhmann, K., Menses Requires Energy: A Review of How Disordered Eating, Excessive Exercise, and High Stress Lead to Menstrual Irregularities. Clin Ther, 2020. 42(3): p. 401-407.
20. Kuo, C.H. and M.B. Harris, Abdominal fat reducing outcome of exercise training: fat burning or hydrocarbon source redistribution? Can J Physiol Pharmacol, 2016. 94(7): p. 695-8.
21. Schoenfeld, B.J., et al., Pre- versus post-exercise protein intake has similar effects on muscular adaptations. PeerJ, 2017. 5: p. e2825.
22. Glynn, E.L., et al., Muscle protein breakdown has a minor role in the protein anabolic response to essential amino acid and carbohydrate intake following resistance exercise. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 2010. 299(2): p. R533-40.
23. Kreider, R.B., et al., International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: safety and efficacy of creatine supplementation in exercise, sport, and medicine. J Int Soc Sports Nutr, 2017. 14: p. 18.
24. Hultman, E., et al., Muscle creatine loading in men. J Appl Physiol (1985), 1996. 81(1): p. 232-7.
25. Savoie, F.A., et al., Effect of Hypohydration on Muscle Endurance, Strength, Anaerobic Power and Capacity and Vertical Jumping Ability: A Meta-Analysis. Sports Med, 2015. 45(8): p. 1207-27.
同時也有10部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過39萬的網紅The Official Chris Leong,也在其Youtube影片中提到,Throwback Year 2019 Special Case ; Stroke Master Chrs Leong help him to Adjustment . Master Chris Leong is the founder of CLM ( Chris Leong Method ) ...
「c to lower case」的推薦目錄:
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- 關於c to lower case 在 A Nan MOSTA 阿男醫師の磨思塔 Facebook 的精選貼文
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- 關於c to lower case 在 The Official Chris Leong Youtube 的最佳貼文
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- 關於c to lower case 在 How do I lowercase a string in C? - Stack Overflow 的評價
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c to lower case 在 浩爾譯世界 Facebook 的最讚貼文
【每日國際選讀】
🦠新冠病毒其實沒那麼可怕?
病毒表示:現在當我是塑膠囉?
開啟「接收通知」和「搶先看」每天吸收雙語時事新知
來讀華爾街日報獨家
🔎New Data Suggest the Coronavirus Isn’t as Deadly as We Thought
新數據指出新冠病毒其實不如我們想的那麼致命
🔎A study finds 50 to 85 times as many infections as known cases—meaning a far lower fatality rate.
一項研究發現感染人數應為已知的50至85倍,意味者死亡率很低
-fatality rate: 死亡率
📖The Covid-19 shutdowns have been based on the premise that the disease would kill more than two million Americans absent drastic actions to slow its spread. That model assumed case fatality rates—the share of infected people who die from the disease—of 1% to 3%. The World Health Organization’s estimated case-fatality rate was 3.4%.
因新冠病毒而採取封城措施的前提是,若不採取有力的措施來延緩疫情蔓延,至少兩百萬個美國人會因此喪命,該模型預測的死亡率(感染病毒並因此喪生者)為1%至3%,世界衛生組織的預估死亡率則為3.4%。
-premise: 前提
-estimated: 估計的
📖A preliminary study by a Stanford team, released Friday. They conducted a seroprevalence study of Santa Clara County, Calif., on April 3 and 4. They studied a representative sample of 3,300 residents to test for the presence of antibodies in their blood that would show if they had previously been infected with the novel coronavirus.
史丹佛大學一研究小組週五發佈一項初步研究報告,該小組於4/3與4/4在加州的Santa Clara進行了血清陽性比例研究,他們採檢了當地3300位樣本居民的血液,藉此檢測血液當中是否存在抗體,抗體的存在可以證明他們過去是否已感染新冠病毒。
- preliminary: 初步的
-seroprevalence: 複合字,sero+prevalence血清盛行率或血清陽性比
-antibody: 抗體
🔬The researchers found that the percentage of infections was indeed vastly larger than the roughly 1,000 known positive cases in the county at the time of the study. The preliminary results—the research will now undergo peer review—show that between 2.5% and 4.2% of county residents are estimated to have antibodies against the virus. That translates into 48,000 to 81,000 infections, 50 to 85 times as high as the number of known cases.
研究人員發現在此研究進行時,該縣(Santa Clara)之感染數確實遠大於當時已知的約千例確診病例,初步結果顯示當地縣民估計有2.5%至4.5%的人已具有新冠病毒的抗體,意味者感染數約為48000至81000人,為已知病例的50至85倍,此研究結果也將開始接受同儕評閱。
*當地約兩百萬人口
*同儕評閱(peer review):此為一專有名詞,經查為期刊出版的一種決策制度,為的是管控期刊品質與學術價值,主要由具同類學術背景的同儕或同業來進行,目的非為審核,而是希望研究可以在同儕間取得認同並得到專業交流之修正與意見。
可見此連結:http://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/1678909/
-vastly: 非常、極大地
-undergo: 經歷、承受
❓Quiz: The country had just ___ a drastic pandemic which caused an ___ death toll of 50 thousand. 🙋🏻♀️🙋🏼♀️💁
該國家剛經歷一場慘烈的疫情,該疫情導致約五萬人死亡。
A. undergo, estimate
B. underwent, intimate
C. undergone, estimated
D. Winnie the Pooh, Tigger
【每日商業英文計畫,限額開放中!】
#獨家 華爾街日報訂閱超值方案 📰
專屬 Line 群組,浩爾 #每日語音導讀
教你詞彙怎麼唸、怎麼用
問題問到飽,限時開放,額滿停徵
「留言+1」,就送你優惠碼!
c to lower case 在 A Nan MOSTA 阿男醫師の磨思塔 Facebook 的精選貼文
因為有不少朋友建議我,將日前臉書上“武漢肺炎發生率與致死率的國際比較”一文翻譯成英文,所以,就以英文版再次和大家分享,也謝謝大家的批評指教。
International Comparison of Incidence and Mortality Rates of COVID-19
In the statistics of the COVID-19 collected and published by the World Health Organization (WHO), only the numbers of confirmed cases and deaths of COVID-19 of affected countries are available, without taking the population of each country into consideration. It will result in a biased assessment of the COVID-19 risk for each country.
Better data for international comparison is incidence rates, which refer to the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases (numerator) divided by the number of the population (denominator) of a given country. As shown in Table 1. the incidence rate per 100,000 population was highest in Italy, Korean, Iran, and China (>5.0 per 100,000) and much lower in Japan, US and Taiwan (<0.5 per 100,000).
The number of confirmed COVID-19 cases in each country is not only related to its population but also dependent on the coverage rate of the COVID-19 virus test. The confirmed case number and incidence rate are relatively low for those countries where only the severe cases were tested for COVID-19 virus; and they are much higher for countries where severe, moderate and mild cases were tested for the virus.
Once a country changes its policy of virus testing, for example of testing only those who are seriously ill, the number of the confirmed cases and incidence rate will drop sharply in a short period of time, but its case fatality rate will rise accordingly.
The case fatality rate is the proportion (percentage) of confirmed COVID-19 cases who died from the disease. Its numerator is the number of confirmed cases who died from the disease, and its denominator is the total number of confirmed cases. It is for sure that the case fatality rate will be higher if the analysis is limited to severe cases, and it will drop dramatically if the analysis also includes moderate and mild cases.
As shown in Table 2, the case fatality rates are the same for severe (5%), moderate (0.5%) and mild (0.1%) COVID-19 confirmed cases in countries A, B, and C are the same, but
the overall case fatality rates per 1,000 confirmed cases are significantly different among the country A, where only test the severe cases (41 per 1,000), country B where both severe and moderate cases are tested (14 per 1,000), and country C where test all severe, moderate and mild cases (8 per 1,000).
Among the countries with more than 1,000 confirmed cases in Table 1, the overall case-fatality rates in Italy, China and Iran were all exceeded 3.5%. Obviously, the severe cases account for a relatively large proportion of confirmed cases. The overall case-fatality rate for South Korea and Germany was only 0.8% and 0.1%, respectively, where the moderate and mild cases account for a relatively large proportion.
When we see a rapid decline in the number of confirmed cases with a soared case fatality rate, we must first pay attention to the change in the country's virus testing strategy. The Director-General of WHO recently stated that all countries should be cautious for the case fatality rate of COVID-19 is rising! The conclusion that the Director-General was biasedly made without taking the change in the virus testing strategy into consideration. He made the matter worse by causing unnecessary panic!
In addition to the virus-detection strategy, some other factors such as age, chronic disease status, and quality of medical care also affect the case fatality rate. For examples, the fatality rate will be low if the patients in the hospital for isolation treatment are mostly young people, without chronic disease, and receiving good cares. If most patients are old, with chronic disease, and receiving inadequate cares due to limited hospital resources and manpower, the case fatality rate will become high.
c to lower case 在 The Official Chris Leong Youtube 的最讚貼文
Throwback Year 2019
Special Case ; Stroke
Master Chrs Leong help him to Adjustment .
Master Chris Leong is the founder of CLM ( Chris Leong Method ) Tit Tar and exceptionally passionate in making people feel & recover better. Passion breeds happiness & happiness breeds positive energy & positive energy brings speedy recovery.
(马来西亚 梁潤江跌打師傅)
Chris Leong Method Tit Tar - Malaysia
...................................................................
CLM Tit Tar in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Damansara +6014-3333039
Mid Valley +6012-8990685
Setia Alam +6012-5733039
Sri Petaling +6012-9850685
Ampang +6012-6389727
➡️ My Official CLM App :
Android :
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.clmethod.tittar
Apple Store:
https://apps.apple.com/my/app/clm-bone-setting/id1440287058
➡️ My Official social media address :
Chris Leong Facebook:
https://www.facebook.com/masterchrisleong/
Chris Leong Official YouTube Channel :
Please SUBSCRIBE for new videos everyday
https://www.youtube.com/c/TheOfficialChrisLeong/
#chrisleong #Masterchrisleong #bonesetting #tittar #tabibtulang #clm #clmethod #sunwaydamasara #midvalley #drchris #datochris #跌打 #chris #datoserichris #setiaalam #sripetaling #bone #tulang #leong #梁潤江 #ampang
c to lower case 在 The Official Chris Leong Youtube 的最佳貼文
Throwback Year 2019...
Special Case , this men shoulder dislocated and nerve compresses the cervical spine. Master Chrs Leong help him to temporarily relieve it .
Master Chris Leong is the founder of CLM ( Chris Leong Method ) Tit Tar and exceptionally passionate in making people feel & recover better. Passion breeds happiness & happiness breeds positive energy & positive energy brings speedy recovery.
(马来西亚 梁潤江跌打師傅)
Chris Leong Method Tit Tar - Malaysia
...................................................................
CLM Tit Tar in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Damansara +6014-3333039
Mid Valley +6012-8990685
Setia Alam +6012-5733039
Sri Petaling +6012-9850685
Ampang +6012-6389727
➡️ My Official CLM App :
Android :
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.clmethod.tittar
Apple Store:
https://apps.apple.com/my/app/clm-bone-setting/id1440287058
➡️ My Official social media address :
Chris Leong Facebook:
https://www.facebook.com/masterchrisleong/
Chris Leong Official YouTube Channel :
Please SUBSCRIBE for new videos everyday
https://www.youtube.com/c/TheOfficialChrisLeong/
#chrisleong #Masterchrisleong #bonesetting #tittar #tabibtulang #clm #clmethod #sunwaydamasara #midvalley #drchris #datochris #跌打 #chris #datoserichris #setiaalam #sripetaling #bone #tulang #leong #梁潤江 #ampang
c to lower case 在 The Official Chris Leong Youtube 的最讚貼文
Motorbike Accident Case Fracture Both wrist .One hand 15 years and another hand one month case . Before TIt Tar his hand not in straight line due to misalignment .. After Tit tar can see the results..
09/12/2020
?❤??????❤
Master Chris Leong is the founder of CLM ( Chris Leong Method ) Tit Tar and exceptionally passionate in making people feel & recover better. Passion breeds happiness & happiness breeds positive energy & positive energy brings speedy recovery.
(马来西亚 梁潤江跌打師傅)
Chris Leong Method Tit Tar - Malaysia
...................................................................
CLM Tit Tar in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Damansara +6014-3333039
Mid Valley +6012-8990685
Setia Alam +6012-5733039
Sri Petaling +6012-9850685
Ampang +6012-6389727
➡️ My Official CLM App :
Android :
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.clmethod.tittar
Apple Store:
https://apps.apple.com/my/app/clm-bone-setting/id1440287058
➡️ My Official social media address :
Chris Leong Facebook:
https://www.facebook.com/masterchrisleong/
Chris Leong Official YouTube Channel :
Please SUBSCRIBE for new videos everyday
https://www.youtube.com/c/TheOfficialChrisLeong/
#chrisleong #Masterchrisleong #bonesetting #tittar #tabibtulang #clm #clmethod #sunwaydamasara #midvalley #drchris #datochris #跌打 #chris #datoserichris #setiaalam #sripetaling #bone #tulang #leong #梁潤江 #ampang
c to lower case 在 LeetCode - 709. 转换小写(To Lower Case) 的推薦與評價
转换小写(To Lower Case)问题。 ... 'Z' + 1; ++c) { printf("%c -> %d\n", c, c); } /* 打印小写字符及其数字 ... 代码清单: C/C++ 打印字母表. ... <看更多>
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