【每日國際選讀】
#文末挑戰多益選擇題📝
覺得自己好廢?
別慌!大器晚成才是常態
開啟「接收通知」和「搶先看」每天吸收雙語時事新知
來讀華爾街日報獨家
🔥It’s Never Too Late to Start a Brilliant Career
別捧少年成名,開竅永遠不嫌晚
🏆Today we are madly obsessed with early achievement. We celebrate those who explode out of the gates, who scorch the SAT, get straight A’s in AP courses, win a spot at Harvard or Stanford, get a first job at Google or Goldman Sachs, and headline those ubiquitous 30-under-30 lists.
如今我們瘋狂追捧着年少成名的故事。我們推崇那些從起跑線開始就一路領先的天才,他們高分搞定SAT,用無數的A串起成績單,獲得哈佛或者斯坦福的錄取名額,畢業之後第一份工作就入職google或者高盛,並且登上那些漫天飛舞的“30位30歲以下的俊傑”榜單。
👀But precocious achievement is the exception, not the norm. The fact is, we mature and develop at different rates. All of us will have multiple cognitive peaks throughout our lives, and the talents and passions that we have to offer can emerge across a range of personal circumstances, not just in formal educational settings focused on a few narrow criteria of achievement. Late bloomers are everywhere once you know to look for them.
然而年少成名的案例注定是個例,而非常態。每個人發展成熟的速度是不一樣的,我們人生中都會有數個認知水平的巔峰期,並且我們的才能和熱情也會在各種各樣的個人境遇中得到激發和釋放。正式的教育流程着眼於用很少的幾項評判標準來選拔優秀人才,因此並不是所有人都得在那個體系裡一展宏圖。如果你仔細找找的話,你的身邊一定有許多大器晚成的人。
🗣Recent research suggests that we need to modify our understanding of how people mature from adolescence to adulthood. Between the ages of 18 and 25, most people are still living in a volatile post-adolescence. In both adolescent and young adult brains, the prefrontal cortex—the processing center of our frontal lobe—is the last part to fully develop, and it is responsible for complex functions such as planning and organizing, problem solving, memory, attention and inhibition.
我們此前用於定義青少年長大成人的標準,也許需要修正一下。最近的研究表明,大多數18-25歲之間的人群仍然處於情緒波動較大的“後青春期“,青少年和年輕人的大腦中,額葉的資訊處理中心——前額葉皮質是最晚發展完全的部分,而前額葉皮質所負責的是人的計劃及組織能力、問題解決能力、記憶力、注意力和自控能力。
💡 💡💡 今日讀報記起來 💡💡💡
-out of the gates: 一開始;打從最一開始
-scorch: 燒、烤焦;文中引申為在考試中以優越能力拿高分的意思
-ubiquitous: 無所不在
-precocious: 早熟;過早的
-personal circumstances: 個人際遇
-late bloomer: 大器晚成的人
-modify: 改變;修正
-volatile: 起伏大的;動盪的
-inhibition: 抑制;克制
未完待續...
各年齡階段的大腦會發展什麼能力呢?
加入文末每日國際選讀計畫,解鎖完整語音導讀版
——
原文連結請看留言
——
❓❓多益模擬題❓:
We live in a society where people are obsessed with _____________ achievement. But such obsession should be ____________ in that studies have shown that throughout our lives, we will have multiple cognitive peaks, only that people mature and develop at different rates.
🙋🏻♀️🙋🏼♀️
A. precocious / modify
B. precautious / modified
C. precocious / modified
-
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「留言+1」,就送你 #優惠碼 及 #導讀試聽!
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#以下開放補充說明
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「modify a to b」的推薦目錄:
- 關於modify a to b 在 浩爾譯世界 Facebook 的最讚貼文
- 關於modify a to b 在 One FM Hana 心怡 Facebook 的最讚貼文
- 關於modify a to b 在 Taipei Ethereum Meetup Facebook 的最讚貼文
- 關於modify a to b 在 SACHEU Youtube 的最佳貼文
- 關於modify a to b 在 Hana心怡 Youtube 的最佳解答
- 關於modify a to b 在 Python objects confusion: a=b, modify b and a changes! 的評價
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- 關於modify a to b 在 第16屆遙控電單車同樂日- Modify B Final 的評價
modify a to b 在 One FM Hana 心怡 Facebook 的最讚貼文
#HANATOSAY #VLOG #Na么好玩: 从#BTOB 那儿拗到礼物送你SPAO & SHOOPEN的礼物!
冬天去了一趟首尔,看到了4束帅气光芒~
带回了BTOB SQUAD作为 SPAO大马 S/S代言人的拍摄花絮和访问(访问视频在One FM-One TV Channel)然后跟他们玩了个小游戏,拗回他们选的造型给你买礼物回来了啦!
Brought you back the BTOB Squad's interview (at One TV's official channel)and here we go the behind of scene during photo shooting for SPAO Malaysia S/S collection. At the same time, I've being prepared some small gifts from BTOB to you :)
A. 星材 Sungjae - 春天feel满分的粉红色帽子 Romantic Pink Cap
B. Peniel - 鞋柜必须要有的小白鞋 Classic White shoes (size:240)
C. Ilhoon - 小姐姐们不能错过黑色衬衫 Charming Black Shirt (size:M)
D. 炫植 Hyunsik - 粉嫩好气色靠黄色外套 Summer look Bright Yellow Jacket(Size:M)
E. 加码:毛茸茸史努比家居鞋 Add on: Fluffy Home Slippers(size:240)
我会分别在我的FB X2 / IG X2 以及 youtube X1 ,选出5份奖品的主人~参加方法如下:
We will pick 2 winners each from FB & IG, and 1 winner from Youtube randomly.
【For FB/IG contest : 】
- Tag 2 friend, tag SPAO Malaysia & Tag SHOOPEN Malaysia
- 写下:我想要得到(A/B/C/D/E)的礼物,因为___(以不超过50个字说明原因)就有机会可以获得啦!complete the sentences in comments:
I would like to have (A/B/C/D/E), becasuse ______(not more than 50 words)
截止日期dateline:24/4/2020 11.59PM
备注P.S:我方保有最终决定权 We shall have the right on running this contest, at its sole discretion and at any time, to change or modify these terms and conditions.
#SPAO #SPAOMY #SPAO_MY #SPAOMALAYSIA #SHOOPEN #SHOOPENMY #SHOOPEN_MY #SHOOPENMALAYSIA #ONEFM #ONEFM881 #TRAVELOG #VLOG #SHOPPING
- Youtube高清传送门:https://youtu.be/DmqE2Nwpbes -
** FYI : is throwback video.
modify a to b 在 Taipei Ethereum Meetup Facebook 的最讚貼文
📜 [專欄新文章] Reason Why You Should Use EIP1167 Proxy Contract. (With Tutorial)
✍️ Ping Chen
📥 歡迎投稿: https://medium.com/taipei-ethereum-meetup #徵技術分享文 #使用心得 #教學文 #medium
EIP1167 minimal proxy contract is a standardized, gas-efficient way to deploy a bunch of contract clones from a factory.
1. Who may consider using EIP1167
For some DApp that are creating clones of a contract for its users, a “factory pattern” is usually introduced. Users simply interact with the factory to get a copy. For example, Gnosis Multisig Wallet has a factory. So, instead of copy-and-paste the source code to Remix, compile, key in some parameters, and deploy it by yourself, you can just ask the factory to create a wallet for you since the contract code has already been on-chain.
The problem is: we need standalone contract instances for each user, but then we’ll have many copies of the same bytecode on the blockchain, which seems redundant. Take multisig wallet as an example, different multisig wallet instances have separate addresses to receive assets and store the wallet’s owners’ addresses, but they can share the same program logic by referring to the same library. We call them ‘proxy contracts’.
One of the most famous proxy contract users is Uniswap. It also has a factory pattern to create exchanges for each ERC20 tokens. Different from Gnosis Multisig, Uniswap only has one exchange instance that contains full bytecode as the program logic, and the remainders are all proxies. So, when you go to Etherscan to check out the code, you’ll see a short bytecode, which is unlikely an implementation of an exchange.
0x3660006000376110006000366000732157a7894439191e520825fe9399ab8655e0f7085af41558576110006000f3
What it does is blindly relay every incoming transaction to the reference contract 0x2157a7894439191e520825fe9399ab8655e0f708by delegatecall.
Every proxy is a 100% replica of that contract but serving for different tokens.
The length of the creation code of Uniswap exchange implementation is 12468 bytes. A proxy contract, however, has only 46 bytes, which is much more gas efficient. So, if your DApp is in a scenario of creating copies of a contract, no matter for each user, each token, or what else, you may consider using proxy contracts to save gas.
2. Why use EIP1167
According to the proposal, EIP is a “minimal proxy contract”. It is currently the known shortest(in bytecode) and lowest gas consumption overhead implementation of proxy contract. Though most ERCs are protocols or interfaces, EIP1167 is the “best practice” of a proxy contract. It uses some EVM black magic to optimize performance.
EIP1167 not only minimizes length, but it is also literally a “minimal” proxy that does nothing but proxying. It minimizes trust. Unlike other upgradable proxy contracts that rely on the honesty of their administrator (who can change the implementation), address in EIP1167 is hardcoded in bytecode and remain unchangeable.
That brings convenience to the community.
Etherscan automatically displays code for EIP1167 proxies.
When you see an EIP1167 proxy, you can definitely regard it as the contract that it points to. For instance, if Etherscan finds a contract meets the format of EIP1167, and the reference implementation’s code has been published, it will automatically use that code for the proxy contract. Unfortunately, non-standard EIP1167 proxies like Uniswap will not benefit from this kind of network effect.
3. How to upgrade a contract to EIP1167 compatible
*Please read all the steps before use, otherwise there might have problems.
A. Build a clone factory
For Vyper, there’s a function create_with_code_of(address)that creates a proxy and returns its address. For Solidity, you may find a reference implementation here.
function createClone(address target) internal returns (address result){ bytes20 targetBytes = bytes20(target); assembly { let clone := mload(0x40) mstore(clone, 0x3d602d80600a3d3981f3363d3d373d3d3d363d73000000000000000000000000) mstore(add(clone, 0x14), targetBytes) mstore(add(clone, 0x28), 0x5af43d82803e903d91602b57fd5bf30000000000000000000000000000000000) result := create(0, clone, 0x37) }}
You can either deploy the implementation contract first or deploy it with the factory’s constructor. I’ll suggest the former, so you can optimize it with higher runs.
contract WalletFactory is CloneFactory { address Template = "0xc0ffee"; function createWallet() external returns (address newWallet) { newWallet = createClone(Template); }}
B. Replace constructor with initializer
When it comes to a contract, there are two kinds of code: creation code and runtime code. Runtime code is the actual business logic stored in the contract’s code slot. Creation code, on the other hand, is runtime code plus an initialization process. When you compile a solidity source code, the output bytecode you get is creation code. And the permanent bytecode you can find on the blockchain is runtime code.
For EIP1167 proxies, we say it ‘clones’ a contract. It actually clones a contract’s runtime code. But if the contract that it is cloning has a constructor, the clone is not 100% precise. So, we need to slightly modify our implementation contract. Replace the constructor with an ‘initializer’, which is part of the permanent code but can only be called once.
// constructorconstructor(address _owner) external { owner = _owner;}// initializerfunction set(address _owner) external { require(owner == address(0)); owner = _owner;}
Mind that initializer is not a constructor, so theoretically it can be called multiple times. You need to maintain the edge case by yourself. Take the code above as an example, when the contract is initialized, the owner must never be set to 0, or anyone can modify it.
C. Don’t assign value outside a function
As mentioned, a creation code contains runtime code and initialization process. A so-called “initialization process” is not only a constructor but also all the variable assignments outside a function. If an EIP1167 proxy points to a contract that assigns value outside a function, it will again have different behavior. We need to remove them.
There are two approaches to solve this problem. The first one is to turn all the variables that need to be assigned to constant. By doing so, they are no longer a variable written in the contract’s storage, but a constant value that hardcoded everywhere it is used.
bytes32 public constant symbol = "4441490000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000";uint256 public constant decimals = 18;
Second, if you really want to assign a non-constant variable while initializing, then just add it to the initializer.
mapping(address => bool) public isOwner;uint public dailyWithdrawLimit;uint public signaturesRequired;
function set(address[] _owner, uint limit, uint required) external { require(dailyWithdrawLimit == 0 && signaturesRequired == 0); dailyWithdrawLimit = limit; signaturesRequired = required; //DO SOMETHING ELSE}
Our ultimate goal is to eliminate the difference between runtime code and creation code, so EIP1167 proxy can 100% imitate its implementation.
D. Put them all together
A proxy contract pattern splits the deployment process into two. But the factory can combine two steps into one, so users won’t feel different.
contract multisigWallet { //wallet interfaces function set(address[] owners, uint required, uint limit) external;}contract walletFactory is cloneFactory { address constant template = "0xdeadbeef"; function create(address[] owners, uint required, uint limit) external returns (address) { address wallet = createClone(template); multisigWallet(wallet).set(owners, required, limit); return wallet; }}
Since both the factory and the clone/proxy has exactly the same interface, no modification is required for all the existing DApp, webpage, and tools, just enjoy the benefit of proxy contracts!
4. Drawbacks
Though proxy contract can lower the storage fee of deploying multiple clones, it will slightly increase the gas cost of each operation in the future due to the usage of delegatecall. So, if the contract is not so long(in bytes), and you expect it’ll be called millions of times, it’ll eventually be more efficient to not use EIP1167 proxies.
In addition, proxy pattern also introduces a different attack vector to the system. For EIP1167 proxies, trust is minimized since the address they point to is hardcoded in bytecode. But, if the reference contract is not permanent, some problems may happen.
You might ever hear of parity multisig wallet hack. There are multiple proxies(not EIP1167) that refer to the same implementation. However, the wallet has a self-destruct function, which empties both the storage and the code of a contract. Unfortunately, there was a bug in Parity wallet’s access control and someone accidentally gained the ownership of the original implementation. That did not directly steal assets from other parity wallets, but then the hacker deleted the original implementation, making all the remaining wallets a shell without functionality, and lock assets in it forever.
https://cointelegraph.com/news/parity-multisig-wallet-hacked-or-how-come
Conclusion
In brief, the proxy factory pattern helps you to deploy a bunch of contract clones with a considerably lower gas cost. EIP1167 defines a bytecode format standard for minimal proxy and it is supported by Etherscan.
To upgrade a contract to EIP1167 compatible, you have to remove both constructor and variable assignment outside a function. So that runtime code will contain all business logic that proxies may need.
Here’s a use case of EIP1167 proxy contract: create adapters for ERC1155 tokens to support ERC20 interface.
pelith/erc-1155-adapter
References
https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1167
https://blog.openzeppelin.com/on-the-parity-wallet-multisig-hack-405a8c12e8f7/
Donation:
pingchen.eth
0xc1F9BB72216E5ecDc97e248F65E14df1fE46600a
Reason Why You Should Use EIP1167 Proxy Contract. (With Tutorial) was originally published in Taipei Ethereum Meetup on Medium, where people are continuing the conversation by highlighting and responding to this story.
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modify a to b 在 SACHEU Youtube 的最佳貼文
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modify a to b 在 Hana心怡 Youtube 的最佳解答
冬天去了一趟首尔,感受到了4束帅气的光芒~带回了BTOB SQUAD作为 SPAO大马 S/S代言人的拍摄花絮和访问(访问视频在One FM-One TV Channel)然后跟他们玩了个小游戏,拗回他们选的造型给你买礼物回来了啦!
Brought you back the BTOB Squad's interview (at One TV's official channel)and here we go the behind of scene during photo shooting for SPAO Malaysia S/S collection. At the same time, I've being prepared some small gifts from BTOB to you :)
A. 星材 Sungjae - 春天feel满分的粉红色帽子 Romantic Pink Cap
B. Peniel - 鞋柜必须要有的小白鞋 Classic White shoes (size:240)
C. Ilhoon - 小姐姐们不能错过黑色衬衫 Charming Black Shirt (size:M)
D. 炫植 Hyunsik - 粉嫩好气色靠黄色外套 Summer look Bright Yellow Jacket(Size:M)
E. 加码:毛茸茸史努比家居鞋 Add on: Fluffy Home Slippers(size:240)
我会分别在我的FB X2 / IG X2 以及这里(youtube)X1 ,选出5份奖品的主人~参加方法如下:
We will pick 2 winners each from FB & IG, and 1 winner from here(this video comments) randomly.
【For Youtube's contest : 】
- 写下:我想要得到(A/B/C/D/E)的礼物,因为___(以不超过50个字说明原因)就有机会可以获得啦!complete the sentences in comments:
I would like to have (A/B/C/D/E), becasuse ______(not more than 50 words)
截止日期dateline:24/4/2020 11.59PM
备注P.S:我方保有最终决定权 We shall have the right on running this contest, at its sole discretion and at any time, to change or modify these terms and conditions.
**FYI:is #throwback video
modify a to b 在 What does C modify in "A of B that C ... - English StackExchange 的推薦與評價
The most confusing is the first that, but I believe it refers to "short descriptions". Neither the members nor the collection itself would ... ... <看更多>
modify a to b 在 Python objects confusion: a=b, modify b and a changes! 的推薦與評價
... <看更多>