I have gone through soooo many bottles of Estee Lauder’s Advanced Night Repair and I’m so excited for this New Advanced Night Repair. First of all, look at how gorgeous that lit from within effect of the bottle is? (It’s now made of glass and is recyclable!) And now, inspired by the field of epigenetics, it also holds new technology that will do things like repair skin faster, increase collagen production, encourage cell renewal… Because of the New ChronoluxTM Power Signal Technology.
Estee Lauder scientists have been studying micro signalling molecules and their role in skin ageing in years of unprecedented research. What is the significance of this? Ok, lemme try!! Hahaha So. The nature vs nurture debate has been around for so long; there is a belief that our genes pre-determine things (nature), and the belief that things are influenced by our environment (nurture). Which are we a product of? Epigenetics adds another layer to this by saying that both are partly right, and it is about how both those things interact with each other, and that the environment can PHYSICALLY ALTER the genetic expression of your genes, it’s even possible that this can be passed on to offspring! How cool is that??? One of the ways this new serum works on that level is by its youth-generating power to help skin maintain its health and radiance. And another part that I will be doing is to commit to using this everyday (not gonna be difficult haha), and to drinking lots of water (I’m so, so bad at this) and also, pick up my colouring books again to help relief stress. Because epigenetic changes happen throughout our lifetime and our choices, lifestyle and environmental influences such as nutrition, exercise, stress, love, can greatly affect our biology and this can be seen at a DNA level. So, here we go!
Shop online now at https://bit.ly/shulovesanr (Link in Bio)
#EsteeLauderSG | #ILOVEANR | #AdvancedNightRepair | #SkinNatureVsNurture | #GenerationANR
Styling @daryllalexiusyeo @cartier @style_lease
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《臍帶血到底有沒有用?》
在產科門診,很多媽媽都會問臍帶血的功用和臍帶血到底值不值得投資。今日就讓我們一起從醫學角度探討臍帶血移植(Cord Blood Transplant, CBT)
臍帶可說是腹中胎兒的命脈,一般來說臍帶由兩條動脈和一條靜脈組成,讓媽媽能透過臍帶把養份傳給胎兒發育成長。
從前醫學界認為臍帶只是懷孕期間提供養份之用,嬰兒出生後便無作用,多被視作醫療廢物處理。不過,近年研究發現臍帶並非垃圾,當中的臍帶血在嬰兒出生後還能在未來為小Baby發揮重大作用。
目前臍帶血的臨床應用或臨床實驗性應用包括
1. 造血幹細胞移植(Hematopoietic stems cell transplantation, HSCT)
2. 再生性細胞治療(Regenerative cell therapy)
3. 免疫調節(Immune regulation)
世界第一宗的臍帶血移植是在1988年由研究員Gluckman及其團隊進行,用作治療范可尼氏貧血 (Faconi Anemia),病人移植臍帶血後能夠正常穩定地製造紅白血球和血少板而且沒有復發的問題[1]。其後,臍帶血被研究用於其他血液科的疾病,當中以治療血癌和骨髓癌最多研究證據支持,例如急性白血病(Acute Leukemia,為血癌的一種)和多發性骨髓瘤(Multiple Myeloma,為骨髓癌的一種)。
研究更發現臍帶血移植有以下好處 [2]
1. 允許免疫系統不完全吻合(HLA disparity)的病人接受移植
2. 較低的排斥風險,如移植物對抗宿主疾病(Graft vs Host Disease, GVHD),令整體安全性較高
這些特性令到臍帶血成為新世代再生醫學研究的對象。然而,由於初生嬰兒的臍帶血並不多,大約為50毫升,一般只夠移植於兒童,而且帶有更高的延遲植入(Delayed Engraftment)的風險。
近年較新的研究發現移植時使用以下方法可提高移植成功率和用於成人治療 [2]
1. 兩倍臍帶血的劑量(Double Cord Blood Transplantation)
2. 臍帶血擴展(Cord Blood Expansion)技術
3. 臍帶血細胞導航強化(Cord Blood Homing Enhancement)技術
在過去的30年來,臍帶血移植的發展有不少的突破,目前在血液癌症治療方面的成效相當不錯。雖然現時臍帶血庫令價錢變得相對親民,但長期儲存亦需一定的費用。
更加重要的是,研究發現臍帶血庫的儲存質素直接影響臍帶血裡幹細胞的數量和質素和移植的成功率。由於臍帶血近30年才開始發展,很多臍帶血庫並沒有完善的儲存系統和本地移植紀錄。參差的臍帶血庫儲存可減少可用的幹細胞數量(Viable CD34+ cells),令移植成功率降低[3][4]
事實上,臍帶血的運送、儲存和處理有著嚴謹的要求,有研究對比於24小時、48小時和72小時後臍帶血內含的幹細胞數量(Nucleated Cells, Viable Cells & CD34+ Cells),發現臍帶血內含的幹細胞數量隨著時間下降,影響移植效果[5]。因此近年國際間便開始制定處理臍帶血的標準,目前主要的國際標準為NetCord-FACT(Foundation for the Accreditation of Cellular Therapy),不過坊間的臍帶血庫並非全部都擁有此認證。
孕婦生產後獲得的臍帶血會被運送到臍帶血庫裡進行冷凍儲存(Cryopreservation),這個程序利用冷凍保護劑(Cryoprotectant)以持續平均的速度(Controlled rate freezing, CRF)把臍帶血冷凍至零下196度[7]。
有趣的是,研究發現移動臍帶血時如接觸外界的室溫,超過200度的溫差會令臍帶血的細胞的viability降低。我們不得不配服科學家的頭腦,為解決這個問題,新型的電腦系統將冷凍單位(Freezing Unit)加入CRF中以達至恆溫,減少因運送的溫差導致viability減低的問題。紐約捐血中心的研究對比1,400多名白血病病人的臍帶血幹細胞移植紀錄,發現使用新型全自動儲存系統如BioArchive®的臍帶血進行移植,比起使用傳統儲存方法,除了有更高的幹細胞viability外,移植後能更快回復造血功能,包括總嗜中性白血球數(Total Neutrophil Counts)、絕對嗜中性白血球數(Absolute Neutrophil Count)、血小版等,更快的植入(Engraftment)令使用新型技術儲存臍帶血的病人移植後一年的存活率提高10%(從40%提升至50%)[8]。
總括而言,臍帶血移植雖然只有30年的歷史,但近年愈來愈多研究顯示有不少的發展潛力。
然而,目前臍帶血的研究亦屬相對早期的階段,所以並非醫療系統會資助的常見項目。儲存臍帶血的費用近年變得較為親民,但仍屬一筆大開支。除了確保儲存合乎國際標準外,更重要的是要確保所選的臍帶血庫財政穩健,不會突然倒閉,否則當你真正需要用到臍帶血時才發現不見了便慾哭無淚了。
臍帶血其實有點像保險的概念,健康的情況下並不會用到,但當你剛好患上一些臍帶血可治療的疾病時,便能發揮其作用。
到底要不要儲存臍帶血,讀者宜自行根據財政狀況作informed decision。如果決定儲存的話,記得選擇帶有FACT認證、有適合的儲存和運送技術、有成功移植個案、財政穩健且大型和可信的臍帶血庫,同時諮詢專家或醫生意見選擇最適合的臍帶血血庫。
如果讀者有興趣的話,我會考慮於Patreon進行臍帶血庫review
#臍帶血 #臍帶血儲存 #臍帶血研究
Reference
[1] Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation. From https://www.hematologyandoncology.net/files/2013/10/ho1110_Shpall1.pdf
[2] The Role of HLA in Cord Blood Transplantation From https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmr/2012/485160/
[3] Quality rather than quantity: the cord blood bank dilemma. Bone Marrow Transplantation. Nature. From https://www.nature.com/articles/bmt20107
[4] Cord Blood Units with Low CD34+ Cell Viability Have a Low Probability of Engraftment after Double Unit Transplantation. Biology of Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation. From https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1083879109005308?via%3Dihub
[5] Does the Time Between Collecting and Processing Umbilical Cord Blood Samples Affect the Quality of the Sample? From https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26760817/
[6] Foundation for the Accreditation of Cellular Therapy. From http://www.factwebsite.org/cbstandards/
[7]Cord blood banking for clinical transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplantation. From https://www.nature.com/articles/bmt2009281
[8] Clinical Outcome of Unrelated Cord Blood Transplants: An Analysis of Processing Method and Freezer Storage on Transplants from New York Blood Center National Cord Blood Program
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Overview of mitochondria and their functions
Mitochondria consist of four compartments: outer membrane (OM), intermembrane space (IMS), inner membrane (IM) and matrix. A large variety of functions have been assigned to mitochondrial proteins and protein complexes and are indicated in the figure: energy metabolism with respiration and synthesis of ATP; metabolism of amino acids, lipids and nucleotides; biosynthesis of iron–sulfur (Fe–S) clusters and cofactors; expression of the mitochondrial genome; quality control and degradation processes including mitophagy and apoptosis; signalling and redox processes; membrane architecture and dynamics; and the import and processing of precursor proteins that are synthesized on cytosolic ribosomes. AAA, ATP-dependent proteases of the inner membrane; E3, ubiquitin-protein ligase; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; mtDNA, mitochondrial DNA; TCA, tricarboxylic acid; Ub, ubiquitin.
From: Mitochondrial proteins: from biogenesis to functional networks Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology
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