#promo #科基百科 「話」人人都會說,但要如何好好說話、理性對話,可一點都不容易,尤其是雙方立場不同(比如說討論香菜究竟能不能吃)的時候,很容易一下就吵得臉紅脖子粗,更別說找出共識了。
那麼,我們要如何理直氣和地對話呢?
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在回答這個問題之前,我們首先要了解:為什麼有時候在探討一個議題時,討論著討論著就開始吵架了呢?
當我們在溝通時,同時會利用口語與非口語的訊息,假設我們在釋放訊息時,不斷被否定,很可能會因此感到挫折,而顯得較有侵略性,這便是「挫折侵略假說」(Frustration–Aggression Hypothesis)。
想想看,當你跟朋友在決定午餐吃什麼時,他既不要吃飯、也不想吃麵,鍋貼也不愛,不斷打槍你的各種提議,是不是很容易讓人惱怒呢?
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那麼,我們要如何避免這種讓人不開心的情況呢?
或許可以參考心理學博士 Rosenberg 所提出的「非暴力溝通模式」,其中的四個要素分別為:觀察、感受、需要、請求。
所謂的「觀察」,是要說出可觀察到的事實,而不要妄加評論。而「感受」,則是覺察並闡釋自己的感受。
再來則是要辨別出自己真正的「需要」,最後,則是提出「請求」,也就是表達出自己希望對方怎麼做,或是說出自己覺得或許可行的其他選擇。
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而根據哈伯瑪斯 (Habermas) 的「溝通行動理論」,他認為要有效溝通,也有四個重要的前提,分別是:
1. 可理解:說話要符合語法,讓人能明白
2. 真誠:不可以騙人呀,要誠實
3. 真理:溝通時應該說出真實而正確的內容
4. 正當:言語應該是正當得體的
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當我們在思考的時候,很容易被各式各樣的偏誤給欺騙,像是「自利偏誤」(self serving bias) 會將好的事情都歸因於自我努力(內在歸因),而壞事情發生都是運氣不好(外在歸因)。
但若任由這些偏誤指揮我們,就無法真誠溝通,發揮審議式民主的最大價值。
所以說,如果我們想要藉由 #審議式民主 中的大量對話,傾聽各種公民意見,並且藉由辯證,讓好的意見影響政治決策,維護民主的品質,一定要學習如何好好溝通喔!
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正確用法:理解情境,仔細傾聽,理性對話
錯誤用法:我不聽,而你不說,這就是距離
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本內容由 教育部青年發展署 委託,泛科學執行
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參考資料:
《挫折攻擊假說》國家教育研究院
「非暴力溝通模式」應用:以大學生人際關係危機為例,社區發展季刊,劉依玫、趙祥和、鄧閔鴻
審議民主與法治國理想:哈伯馬斯的民主觀,溝通、批判和實踐,黃瑞祺、陳閔翔
《言論自由不等於亂說話,但它的界線在哪裡?》泛科學
當前審議式民主的困境及可能的出路,國立中山大學,劉正山
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\看課程,抽好康/
只要觀看 #審議式民主課程影片,就能參加兩個抽獎活動哦!
🥚 課程影片有彩蛋,睜大眼睛找找看 👉 https://reurl.cc/R69R79
💬 課程輕鬆又簡單,問答測驗做做看 👉 https://reurl.cc/raKkOE
什麼?你說課程影片哪兒看?
通通底加啦:https://reurl.cc/7ybYxl
同時也有2部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過3萬的網紅POPA Channel,也在其Youtube影片中提到,小朋友可以說是小天使跟小魔怪的混合體,乖的時候好窩心,但係曳的時候就好激心,有父母可能會以打手板、打屁股這些方法去管教,令他知痛知驚,不敢再犯。但大家有沒有想過這種體罰式的教養方法,到底是否真的能夠達到你想要的效果? 參考資料 Chang, L., Schwartz, D., Dodge, K....
「aggression心理學」的推薦目錄:
aggression心理學 在 百工裡的人類學家 Facebook 的最佳解答
近日美國種族議題升溫,不僅許多地方都有遊行抗議的行動,同時,不管是對於非裔人士日常生活遭受歧視的關注,或日前百工分享過關於亞裔美籍公民反思自身種族認同的表現,都反映出美國社會多元開放和諧的表面下,存在種族主義的現實。然而,在美國校園裡會發現,正是因為種族議題的敏感性反而成為大家避而不談,時常被忽略的問題。 報導者 The Reporter 這篇精選書摘,帶我們從珍.特溫格(Jean M. Twenge)的調查,思考美國校園裡對於言論自由的界線,如何限縮了關於種族議題的對話可能。
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讓我最驚訝的是:有38%的受訪學生認為「教職員不應該在課堂上討論種族的平均差異(例如態度、特質、智商等)」。這會造成非常大的問題,因為心理學、社會學、經濟學、公共政策、政治科學、社會工作,以及許多學科都經常介紹種族差異方面的研究。這群在全體之中僅是少數,但有一定規模的學生,認為不應該討論種族方面的科學研究,這非常令人震驚,因為他們修的心理學概論,內容一定會包含科學方法和族群差異。如果有那麼多學生質疑種族差異方面的教材,也就難怪現在有很多教師都不敢教種族相關的主題,也因此成功禁絕了理論上可能促進理解的交流──亦即種族、文化差異各方面的任何討論。
我問達內爾對於在課堂上介紹種族差異的教材有什麼想法,這名20歲的喬治亞大學學生說:「我可以理解為什麼學生不喜歡,所以我認為最好不要這樣做。反正離得遠遠的就好了。」也有學生不同意這樣的課程安排。讀同一所大學的詹姆斯說:「檢測不同的種族群體,驗證你學到的種種假說,不見得是壞事。如果動不動就被這種事情冒犯到,你就學不到東西了,也會沒辦法保持開放的心態、接近真相、獲得更多知識。」
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後來 i 世代上了大學,在大學中為了爭取平權而認真努力,卻因為太害怕冒犯到彼此,導致仍然不願談論種族議題。美國 MTV 的調查顯示,只有20%的受訪者表示自己能夠自在地與人談論偏見。調查中有48%的人認為,即使立意良善,讓別人的種族受到關注還是錯誤的行為。不過有73%的受訪者認為大眾應該以更開放的態度談論偏見,也有69%的受訪者希望有機會以開放、尊重、不帶批判的方式,來進行關於偏見的意見交流。i 世代根深蒂固的平權觀念,是美國促進種族關係的真正契機。絕大多數的 i 世代長大成人之後,心中並不會有過往時代那種毫不掩飾的偏見。不過因為偏見和生活經驗的影響,不同種族會有不同的經歷,這也導致許多有色人種學生在白人居多的大學裡往往會感到不自在。i 世代願意談論這些議題(至少他們自認為可以),但他們同時也覺得這種話題不能碰。這不能怪他們,畢竟文化氛圍就是如此──遇到相關話題不是沉默,就是交相指責。改變處處可能冒犯到人的文化,實屬當務之急。身處這種文化中的人們有必要重新思考,好為 i 世代和所有人找到最理想的出路。
(引用自https://www.twreporter.org/a/bookreview-i-generation-discrimination-micro-aggression)
aggression心理學 在 多糖教室 毛小孩教育訓練 Facebook 的精選貼文
一封給國家地理頻道「Dog: Impossible」節目負責人的公開信:
An open letter to the leadership team of Nat Geo Wild Dog Impossible:
Translate: Yu-Hwa Su 翻譯: 蘇昱華
Proof: Yen Ke 校對: 葛雁
The International Association of Animal Behavior Consultants (IAABC) applauds National Geographic’s mission to offer intelligent, relevant and captivating non-fiction entertainment. This is a crucial objective, especially as an introduction to children and viewers largely relying on television for their scientific information.
國際動物行為諮詢師協會(IAABC)對於國家地理頻道致力於提供電視觀眾正確知識與科學內容表示讚賞。這是一個非常重要的目標,特別是對依賴電視得到這些知識的兒童與其他觀眾們來說。
However, your stated mission is in direct conflict with your show Dog: Impossible. In fact, the irresponsible treatment of the dogs and people on this show flies in the face of all best practices in animal training and behavior. Rather than promoting science and scientifically-proven methodology, Dog: Impossible sacrifices learning science for more dramatic television.
然而,貴頻道所提供的節目「Dog: Impossible」卻與貴頻道「提供正確的科學知識」的一貫立場衝突。節目中對犬隻以及飼主的不負責處理方式與應有的動物訓練及行為操作的準則相違背。「Dog: Impossible」並沒有提倡科學以及經科學驗證的方法,這節目犧牲了對科學的學習,轉而追求吸睛的電視節目效果。
Matt Beisner appears to have no credentials or education in training and behavior, yet he refers to himself as a behaviorist. His claim that “energy is the one language that every animal on the planet speaks” makes clear he is not one.
Matt Beisner並沒有動物訓練或行為學的相關學習經歷與證照,卻宣稱自己是一位行為學家。從他的主張:「能量是地球上所有動物都會使用的共通語言」,便能明白他並不是行為學家。
His statement, “You don’t need tricks, you don’t need treats, you don’t need force,” shows just how unaware of his own actions he is. His misuse of scientific terminology leads viewers to believe they are learning demonstrated, safe and accepted strategies in helping their dogs. In fact, Mr. Beisner is forcing these dogs from start to finish of each episode. His own “tricks” are that of over-stressing dogs until they’re in a state referred to in psychology and science as “learned helplessness.”
他主張「你不需要技巧、零食、或蠻力 (去訓練狗)」,這顯示出他對於自己的所做所為一無所知。他對科學術語的濫用也會誤導觀眾,讓觀眾以為他們正在學習經證實有效而且安全可接受的方法來幫助狗狗。但這位訓練師在每一集節目上從頭到尾都是在逼迫這些狗,而他所擁有的「技巧」,就是讓狗進入過度緊迫的狀態,直到牠們進入心理學和科學上所指的「習得無助」(learned helplessness)狀態。
Learned helplessness occurs when a subject endures repeated aversive stimuli beyond their control. Originally thought to show a subject's acceptance of their powerlessness, for more than half a century it’s been known instead to be the emotional “shutting down” of the subject. Anxiety, clinical depression, and related mental illnesses are common consequences of this technique in humans.
「習得無助」發生在動物沒有任何控制權,且重複地被施加嫌惡刺激的時候。最初,人們認為習得無助狀態意味著動物「接受」了自身無法改變、無能為力的情形,超過半個世紀以來,人們認為這是動物情緒「關機(shutting down)」的表現。在人類身上,習得無助的常見結果包含焦慮、憂鬱症、以及相關的心理疾病。
Allow us to note some aspects of the trailer and his shows, but first, to point out a few well-documented and commonly understood aspects of dog behavior so that we may better make our points understood.
在我們解釋為何我們認為此節目的預告片與內容不適當之前,我們希望先闡述一些正確的犬隻行為常識,以便您能更理解我們的觀點。
Canine body language indicating stress and severe stress:
顯示出壓力以及嚴重緊迫的犬隻肢體語言:
Compressed bodies
Dry, raspy panting
Wide, open eyes with dilated pupils
Heavy drooling
“Whipping” head and body back, pushing off a handler in order to get away
Growling
Fighting
Biting
縮緊身體
急促的喘氣
睜大雙眼、散瞳
大量流口水
甩頭、用前爪推抱著狗的人以退後、試圖掙脫
低吼
打架
開咬
Eleven seconds into the trailer, Mr. Beisner rubs his hands together, smiling, and says, “This is going to be gnarly.” All professionals know from that statement what the series will spotlight: A poorly (if at all) educated non-professional pushing dogs way beyond therapeutic limits, in the name of “results.”
在預告片11秒的地方,Beisner先生搓手並笑著說「等一下會很精采喔」。所有專業人士都知道這句話代表這個節目的亮點將會是:一名缺乏適當教育的訓練師,逼迫狗到超過其能承受的極限,並把這樣的結果稱為是良好的改善。
Flooding, the term for inundating a subject with their fears, phobias and triggers, is ethically questionable at best, cruel and unnecessary, always. There's also a common danger of spontaneous recovery of the phobia. This is because flooding doesn't replace the fear-response with a different response, it just replaces it with no response. “No response” is simply suppression, not cure.
「洪水法」,指的是故意將動物置於恐慌或恐懼的觸發刺激情境,這樣的方法不道德、殘忍、而且沒必要。另外,恐懼的自發性回復(spontaneous recovery)也是洪水法常見的風險,這是因為洪水法並沒有將害怕的反應重新制約成其他不同的情緒行為,它只是讓動物沒有反應。「沒有反應」只是壓抑,動物並沒有因此感到不害怕或恐慌。
Throughout the trailer dogs are flooded with aversive stimuli such as other dogs, people and equipment, something an ethical professional would not, and could not do per any answerable guidelines of animal training and behavior care.
在整個預告片中,狗狗被迫接受各種嫌惡刺激的洪水法訓練,例如其他狗、其他人類和物品,這是具有道德的專業訓練人員不會做的,任何負責任的動物訓練及行為照護準則也不會如此建議。
Systematic desensitization and counterconditioning, gradual exposure to the feared object, and replacement of a negative emotional association with a more pleasant one, are the recommended techniques used to treat such fear and aggression cases, per all legitimate veterinary, training and behavior organizations.
系統性減敏與反制約,也就是逐步與少量的讓狗接觸其本來會害怕的事物,並且將引發的少量負面情緒與其非常喜愛的事物配對給予,是用來處理恐懼及攻擊案例的建議方法,也是每個好的獸醫師、訓練及行為機構會推薦的方法。
Beisner’s statement that “We know at the Zen Yard that dogs help other dogs come out of their shell and face their fear and get past their aggression” isn’t just scientifically unsupportable, his words ring hollow during the very scene playing while he says those words: Beisner restraining one dog, while his co-host pulls a leashed dog to the first in a completely unnatural gesture perhaps intended to either mimic natural dog greeting (it doesn’t) or to flood the heavily drooling dog who is unable to move or get away. The dogs end up in a fight. They have been set up to fail, and the outcome is inevitable.
Beisner宣稱「我們在Zen Yard(他的訓練中心)知道狗會去幫助其他狗融入外界、面對牠們的恐懼並且克服攻擊行為」,這句話不只是缺乏科學支持,在影片中他講出這句話時搭配的畫面,亦表現出他的說詞缺乏支持:Beisner限制了第一隻狗的行動,由節目的共同主持人以牽繩將另一隻狗以一個完全不自然的姿勢拉到第一隻狗身邊,他們可能是在試著模仿狗狗自然的社交打招呼行為(但並不是),或使用洪水法訓練那隻狂流口水(顯示牠很緊張)並且無法逃脫的狗。最終兩隻狗打起來,訓練師製造的這個情境,讓失敗的結果無可避免。
In the trailer, the assistant host, Stefanie DiOrio, states, “Nervousness can easily turn to fear which can lead to aggression.” This is an accurate statement, which is why it’s so confusing that the entire show would be predicated on pushing dogs to the very edge of survivable stress and into predictable aggression, doubling down on the issues that their owners are struggling with.
在預告片中,節目的共同主持人Stefanie DiOrio說「緊張不安很容易變成真正的恐懼,並且導致攻擊行為」,這句話是正確的,但也讓人更加困惑為何整個節目的走向都在將狗推向牠們所能承受壓力的極限、觸發根本可預測的攻擊行為、並使飼主所面對的問題加倍惡化。
We know that the dramatic changes in behavior, from stressed and wildly aggressive to “calm” dogs, make for compelling TV. To an average pet owner it looks like these dogs are making huge improvements. All clients just want their dog to “Stop being aggressive.” However, we also know that behavior suppression is not the same as behavior modification, that a stressed and shut-down dog is a more dangerous animal than one who is actively showing aggression, and that the long-term prognosis of this kind of intervention is poor for both the client and their dog.
我們知道行為上戲劇性的變化,從一隻緊迫且兇猛攻擊的狗轉變成“冷靜”的狗,這個過程代表了高收視率,在不十分了解行為學的飼主眼中看來,這些狗狗似乎有巨大的進步。飼主都只是希望他們的狗「不要再有攻擊性」,然而我們也知道單純抑制攻擊行為的出現,並不是真正的行為改善技術。舉例來說一隻高壓力但看似沒有反應的狗,遠比一隻會表現出攻擊性的狗要危險許多 (譯註: 因為這樣的狗可能會沒有徵兆地開咬),因此這種抑制攻擊行為的訓練法,以長遠來看對飼主以及狗狗都是有害的。
It is also worth pointing out that, like his predecessor, Mr Beisner’s assessment of cause for much of the issues he’s asked to address is simple, made especially clear in episode 4 where he not only saves a dog, he “saves a marriage:” Women are unable to effectively lead, must be stronger, must change their ways.
另一個值得注意的事是Beisner先生,如同他在同一個頻道的前輩,西薩,對導致問題的原因評估也過於簡化,例如第四集中他聲稱他不只拯救了狗狗,他還「拯救了這段婚姻」,因為女主人無法有效的領導狗狗,因此她必須更堅強,必須改變他們之間的相處模式。
Misogyny, it seems, cures dog behavior problems. Real exploration and explanation regarding the antecedents and consequences around behaviors are ignored in favor of client blaming.
這段貶抑女性的解釋,看起來似乎能改善犬隻的行為問題,然而關於行為問題真正的前因後果卻被指責客戶所取代,並沒有真正的被探討與解釋。
The clients on the show represent thousands of clients throughout the US and beyond with whom we work every day, helping them to help their dogs. Far from being dogs “other people won’t work with,” the dogs on your show are exactly the clients and dogs that IAABC Certified Dog Behavior Consultants, as well as all members of the American College of Veterinary Behaviorists, Certified Applied Animal Behaviorists, and other certified behavior specialists see and successfully work with every day.
節目中所出現的客戶正代表了我們日常工作中所會幫助的人們與他們的狗,呈現的就是我們在美國跟其他國家的上千位客戶。節目中所出現的這些有著行為問題的狗絕對不是「其他訓練師都不想要處理的狗狗」,事實上這些客戶與狗正是IAABC認證的狗行為諮詢師、美國獸醫行為學家、認證的應用動物行為學家或是其他受認證的行為學專家,每天工作的日常。
We do so using the best practices of our field (see https://m.iaabc.org/about/ethics/), adopted by the leading behavior and training organizations, without psychologically or physically harming the animals we work with.
我們在這個領域也使用最嚴謹的訓練師專業道德守則(英文版參見https://m.iaabc.org/about/ethics/,中文版參見https://reurl.cc/72eVkl),這個守則受領先的行為及訓練機構所採用,使訓練師與行為諮詢師在工作時,不對我們經手的動物造成生理或心理上的傷害。
The IAABC urges Nat Geo WILD to stop promoting this public miseducation. The tactics employed in the name of entertainment are unnecessarily harsh and potentially dangerous to the public, and they teach yet another generation of Nat Geo watchers absolutely incorrect and harmful practices.
IAABC呼籲國家地理頻道(Nat Geo WILD)停止傳播此系列誤導公眾的資訊。以娛樂包裝節目的策略對於觀眾是不必要的粗糙而且有潛在風險的,甚至是向頻道的年輕一代觀眾灌輸完全不正確且有害的做法。
It remains a mystery why your network is so intent on harming dogs. After years of Cesar Milan, to now bring in a man equally unskilled, who equates terrified, angry or entrapped dogs to his own addiction history is remarkable. Are we really satisfied conflating ego with compassion, self-focus with an understanding of animal behavior? Is this the “science” your mission stands for?
我們仍然不知為何貴頻道這麼多年來如此堅持持續傷害狗的這些作為。在西薩 (Cesar Milan) 的節目播映多年之後,現在又引進一個同樣缺乏正確訓練技巧,以自身藥物成癮困擾歷史去錯誤的同理恐懼或憤怒的狗的人。我們能接受一個膨脹自我,而非真正擁有同情心、適當自我聚焦、了解動物行為的「專業人士」嗎?這就是貴節目所宣稱的「科學」立場嗎?
The damage Nat Geo is doing to dogs by choosing this type of programming is astounding. We can only assume that the producers are unaware of this, as it’s hard to imagine such harm and cruelty would be deliberate.
國家地理頻道選擇製作這類節目對於狗狗的傷害甚鉅,我們只能假定節目製作人並沒有意識到這點,因為我們難以想像會有人故意去做這樣有害且殘忍的事情。
Would you show a reality program on heart surgery with a photogenic “self-taught” practitioner, simply stating the star was not a doctor before showing him mutilating a real patient?
想問貴節目是否會採用一個上鏡的“自學”外科醫生錄製心臟手術的實境節目,告知觀眾他並非真正的醫生,然後播放他對病患動刀的畫面?
I leave you with the clearest image of suffering and abuse from your trailer: the Aussie, stressed to the breaking point, thick ropes of drool streaming from its mouth, being choked by a slip lead to compensate for the host’s inability to even effectively muzzle a dog. This dog is at the point of collapse. This dog is being tortured, and that is not hysteria. That is an assessment by any educated measure.
作為結尾,我希望指出貴節目預告片中明確顯示出狗狗受苦或受虐的畫面:那隻澳洲牧羊犬已經瀕臨壓力的極限,您可以看到口水掛在其嘴邊 (大量口水為壓力徵兆),口罩因為沒有確實的配戴而滑脫,導致牠被勒到快要窒息,已在崩潰邊緣。具備專業與適當教育的人員指出,這隻狗因在節目上被虐待而情緒崩潰,並非其本身歇斯底里。
Please stop this cruel and dangerous programming. To do otherwise is to support that self-taught heart surgery and all the consequences it would bring; that this show is currently bringing to families struggling with their dogs.
Professionals refer to Cesar Milan’s influence on dog training as “job security” because so many dogs ruined or made far worse by his teachings are brought to us by well-intentioned, often weeping owners desperate for real help. Often it is too late.
請停止這系列殘酷且危險的節目。否則貴節目就等同於支持前面舉例的自學的心臟外科「醫師」進行手術一樣,這些危險的後果正由觀眾與他們的狗承擔。專業訓犬人士將西薩米蘭對訓犬的影響戲稱為「工作保障」,因為太多飼主使用了他教授的技巧後,狗狗的狀況變得更糟,而哭著迫切尋找真正的協助,此時通常都為時已晚。
We do not want more work due to this same phenomenon.
我們不想要因為這個節目帶來類似影響而接到更多工作。
We’d be happy to provide you with any education and resources you need to inform your producers about what would qualify as responsible, effective, safe and thoughtful work with the same “red zone” dogs you sell so well.
但我們很樂意提供貴頻道任何需要的教育與資源,讓您們的節目製作人對訓犬工作應有的品質有所理解,例如負責、有效、安全,並且理解到對於在節目中出現的這些「危險」犬隻,事實上有更合理的訓練方法。
Thank you for your consideration.
謝謝您的閱讀與理解。
Marjie Alonso
Executive Director, IAABC
For the Board of Directors
Marjie Alonso
IAABC執行長
代表董事會發言
aggression心理學 在 POPA Channel Youtube 的最佳貼文
小朋友可以說是小天使跟小魔怪的混合體,乖的時候好窩心,但係曳的時候就好激心,有父母可能會以打手板、打屁股這些方法去管教,令他知痛知驚,不敢再犯。但大家有沒有想過這種體罰式的教養方法,到底是否真的能夠達到你想要的效果?
參考資料
Chang, L., Schwartz, D., Dodge, K. A., & Mcbride-Chang, C. (2003). Harsh Parenting in Relation to Child Emotion Regulation and Aggression. Journal of Family Psychology, 17(4), 598-606.
Kazdin, A. E., & Benjet, C. (2003). Spanking children: Evidence and issues. Current Directions in Psychological Science Current Directions in Psychol Sci, 12(3), 99-103.
Nelson, D. A., Hart, C. H., Yang, C., Olsen, J. A., & Jin, S. (2006). Aversive Parenting in China: Associations With Child Physical and Relational Aggression. Child Development, 77(3), 554-572.
Melton, R. K. (2011). An overview of research on corporal punishment.
Is Corporal Punishment an Effective Means of Discipline? (2002, June 26). Retrieved from The American Psychological Association
Gershoff, E. T. (2010). More Harm Than Good : A Summary of Scientific research on the intended and unintended effects of corporal punishment on children.
aggression心理學 在 POPA Channel Youtube 的最讚貼文
美國兒科學會不建議父母讓兩歲以下的嬰幼兒看電視。那年長一點的小朋友,又可否適量地看電視呢?其實父母除了要考慮「量」的問題外,更要考慮「質」的因素。你們有否認真研究過,小朋友究竟每天在看甚麼電視節目?
參考資料
Ostrov, J.M., Gentile, D.A. & Mullins, A.D., “Evaluating the effect of educational media exposure on aggression in early childhood”, Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, December 2012, pp.38-44.
Ostrov, J.M., Gentile, D.A. & Crick, N.C., “Media Exposure, Aggression and Prosocial Behavior During Early Childhood: A Longitudinal Study”, Social Development, Volume 15, Issue 4, November 2006, pp. 612–627.
Mares, M. L., & Acosta, E. (2008), Be kind to three-legged dogs: Children’s literal interpretations of TV’s moral lessons. Media Psychology, 11, pp.377-399.
Bronson, P. & Merryman, A. (2009), Nurture Shock, Hachette Book Group, New York, pp. 179-196.
Greenway, N., “What's Peppa Pig REALLY teaching our children? One mother reveals why she's banning the bratty hog from her home”, MailOnline, 03 March 2015.
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