睇晒佢。
112300 好想喊,多謝手足!
【文獻整合:產前後 (perinatal) 經母體接觸二噁英對兒童的影響】
撰文:香港人兒科醫生
關於二噁英的基本資料和毒性我就不再贅述了,詳細可以參閱 Dr K Kwong 所寫。我是兒科醫生,所以我參閱的文獻以二噁英對兒童的影響為主。 翻查 Pubmed,近年關於二噁英與兒童的研究,主要針對於產前後 (perinatal) 經母體接觸二噁英對兒童的影響。 這是因為發展中的胎兒對任何有神經毒性 (neurotoxic) 的物質最為敏感,所以理論上影響最大。 巧合的是,就在今年二月, 香港醫學雜誌 (Hong Kong Medical Journal) 就有一份關於香港兒童長達11年的跟進研究 [1]。 但大部分地區包括最近香港發表的研究都是針對 “background level of dioxin” 的影響,即是一般存在於環境的二噁英。 正常來說濃度不高,對嬰孩發展有短期,但無長期的惡性影響 [1-3]。
但問題是,我們現在是擔心被二噁英高度污染,所以參考越南當地的情況應該較適合。 研究人員發現,在受污染地區的媽媽體內的二噁英,比沒有受污染的地區高三至四倍 [4-5]。 研究發現,母親體內的二噁英含量越高,兒童的多方面發展越受到不利影響。 這包括:認知、語言、大小肌肉、身體協調和平衡、和讀寫能力 [5-8]。簡單來說,母親體內二噁英含量越高,兒童在以上各方面表現越差。 這個惡性影響,在跟進到八歲的小朋友身上依然見得到。 受影響的兒童以男孩為主 [6-9]。而且,有發現受影響兒童社交方面發展較弱,有自閉症譜系障礙的徵狀 [10]。
男孩子比較受母體二噁英的影響,又引伸到二噁英引致內分泌異常的問題。 胎兒會因為母親體內二噁英而影響到睪丸激素(testosterone)的分泌 [11-12],而此激素的異常會影響胎兒腦部成長 (詳情太複雜,不詳述)。 二噁英亦會影響幼童的甲狀腺功能 [13]。
除了以上,還有兩點我覺得需要留意。 第一, 越南被橙劑 (Agent Orange) 毒害已經是多年前的事,但受污地區的婦女體內二噁英含量依然高。 亦有研究發現當年因為911事件世界貿易中心倒塌時釋出的二噁英污染物,經過十幾年後,當時在附近的兒童,體內二噁英含量依然比一般人明顯地高 [14]。 由此可見二噁英的毒害是可以影響深遠。
第二,絕大部分關於母嬰的研究,研究人員都是測量母乳內的二噁英含量做數據。這是因為二噁英是脂溶性的 (lipophilic),在母乳的含量和身體積存的份量相約,而母乳是容易最獲得的樣本。 這亦表示,嬰孩會經由母乳繼續攝取二噁英。 世界衛生組織 (WHO)基於研究發現產前二噁英經胎盤對胎兒影響比產後經由母乳吸收影響為大,而且母乳有非常多的其他好處 (詳情請參考衛生署網頁)。 由於母乳餵哺的好處多於壞處,所以繼續建議母乳餵哺[15]。 但我認為婦女需要知道母乳含有二噁英這個事實,然後作決定 (informed choice)。
至於關於二噁英與胎兒先天性異常 (congenital abnormality) 和幼童/青少年的影響,我之後有時間/心機讀完書先再分享。
#香港人
#要平安
#記得去投票
1. Hui LL, Lam HS, Lau EY, NElson EA, Wong TW, Fielding R. Prenatal exposure to dioxins and subsequent neurocognitive and developmental function in Hong Kong Chinese children. Hong Kong Med J 2019 Feb;25 Suppl 3(1):35-39.
2. Koopman-Esseboom C, Weiglas-Kuperus N, Ridder MAJ, eat al. Effects of polychlorinated biphenyl/dioxin exposure and feeding type on infants’ mental and psychomotor development. Paediatrics 1996;97:700-6
3. Nakajima S, Saijo Y, Kate S, eat al. Effects of prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and dioxins on mental and motor development in Japanese child raven at 6 months of age. Environ Health jPerspect 2006;114:773-8
4. Tai PT, Nishijo M, Anh NT, Maruzeni S, Nakagawa H, Van Luong H, Anh TH, Honda R, Kido T, Nishijo H. Dioxin exposure in breast milk and infant neurodevelopment in Vietnam. Occup Environ Med. 2013 Sep;70(9):656-62.
5. Tai PT, Nishijo M, Kido T, et al. DIoxin concentrations in breast milk of Vietnamese nursing mothers: a survey four decades after the herbicides spraying. Environ Sai Technology 2011;45:6625-32.
6. Pham NT, Nishijo M, Pham TT, Tran NN, Le VQ, GTran HA, Phan HAV, Nishijo Y, NIshijo H. Perinatal dioxin exposure and neurodevelopment of 2-year-old Vietnamese children in the most contaminated area from Agent Orange in Vietnam.
7. Tran NN, Pham TT, Ozawa K, Nishijo M, Nguyen AT, Tran TQ, Hoang LV, Tran AH, Phan VH, Nadia A, Nishijo Y, Nishijo H. Impacts of perinatal dioxin exposure on motor coordination and higher cognitive development in Vietnamese preschool children: a five-year follow-up. PLoS One 2016 Jan 29;11(1):e0147655.
8. Pham The T, Pham Ngoc T, Hoang Van T, Nishijo M, Tran Ngoc N, Viu Thi H, Hoang Van L, Tran Hai A, Nishijo Y, Nishijo H. Isn’t J Hyg EnvironHealth. 2019 Oct 3 pic:S1438-4639(19)30287-1.
9. Nakajima S, Saijo Y, Miyashita C, Ikeno T, Sasaki S, Kajiwara J, Kishi R. Sex-specific differences in effect of prenatal exposure to dioxin-like compounds on neurodevelopment in Japanese children: Sapporo cohort study. Environ Res 2017 Nov;159:222-231.
10. Nishijo M, Pham TT, Nguyen AT, Tran NN, Nakagawa H, Hoang LV, Tran AH, Morikawa Y, Ho MD, Kido T, Nguyen MN, Nguyen HM, Nishijo H. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in breast milk increases autistic traits of 3-year-old children in Vietnam. Mol Psychiatry 2014 Nov;19(11):1220-6.
11. Anh NTP, Kido T, Honda S, Obama Y, Anh LT, Phuket HD, Vietnam NH, Manh HD, Okamoto R, Nakagawa H, Nakayama SF, Nguyen DD, Van Tung D, Van Chi V, Minh NH, Van Tran N. Androgen disruption by dioxin exposure in 5-year-old Vietnamese children: Decrease in serum testosterone level. Sci Total Environ 2018 Nov 1;640-641:466-474.
12. Araki A, Mitsui T, Miyashita C, Nakajima T, Naito H, Ito S, et al. (2014) Association between maternal exposure to di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and reproductive hormone levels in fetal blood: The Hokkaido study on environment and children’s health. PLOS ONE 9:e109039 10.1371/journal.pone.0109039
13. Baccarelli A, Giacomini SM, Corbetta C, Texas al. NEonatal thyroid function in sevens o 25 years after maternal exposure to dioxin. PLoS Med 2008;5:1133-42.
14. Kahn LG, Han X, Koshy TT, Shan Y, Chu DB, Kennan K, Transande L. Adolescents exposure to the World Trade Centre collapse have elevated serum dioxin and furan concentrations more than 12 years later. Environ Int 2018 Feb;111:268-278.
15. Van den Berg M, Kypke K, Kota A, Tritscher A, Lee SY, Magulova K, Fiedler H, Malisch R. WHO/UNEP global surveys of PCDDs, PCDFs, PCBs and DDTs in human milk and benefit-risk evaluation of breastfeeding. ARCH Toxicol 2017 jan;91(1):83-96
同時也有2部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過3萬的網紅POPA Channel,也在其Youtube影片中提到,現今小朋友的起跑線,愈推愈前。雖然政府並無官方的統計數字,但粗略估算,香港至少有六、七百家早期教育中心,為0-3歲、尚未入讀幼稚園的小朋友提供各類興趣班以及playgroup課程,市場可謂非常龐大。 然而,在各大育兒討論區,卻經常都有家長問道:「孩子是否愈早上Playgroup愈好?」、「play...
「child development evaluation」的推薦目錄:
child development evaluation 在 港式執媽 Facebook 的精選貼文
多謝各界專業人士繼續出聲😭😭😭
好sad既係有醫生搵到文獻指母乳會傳送母體的二噁英比bb
而二噁英對小朋友發育影響深遠,去到8歲都仲見得到影響😭😭😭💔💔💔💔
好sad......香港政府毒害我地既下一代
🖕🏿🖕🏿🖕🏿🖕🏿🖕🏿🖕🏿🖕🏿🖕🏿🖕🏿🖕🏿
#用選票擊退保皇黨
#放催淚彈果班垃圾都會自食惡果
#好傷心
#陳肇始無恥
#恥與為伍
#食衛局局長放棄全香港人健康
112300 好想喊,多謝手足!
【文獻整合:產前後 (perinatal) 經母體接觸二噁英對兒童的影響】
撰文:香港人兒科醫生
關於二噁英的基本資料和毒性我就不再贅述了,詳細可以參閱 Dr K Kwong 所寫。我是兒科醫生,所以我參閱的文獻以二噁英對兒童的影響為主。 翻查 Pubmed,近年關於二噁英與兒童的研究,主要針對於產前後 (perinatal) 經母體接觸二噁英對兒童的影響。 這是因為發展中的胎兒對任何有神經毒性 (neurotoxic) 的物質最為敏感,所以理論上影響最大。 巧合的是,就在今年二月, 香港醫學雜誌 (Hong Kong Medical Journal) 就有一份關於香港兒童長達11年的跟進研究 [1]。 但大部分地區包括最近香港發表的研究都是針對 “background level of dioxin” 的影響,即是一般存在於環境的二噁英。 正常來說濃度不高,對嬰孩發展有短期,但無長期的惡性影響 [1-3]。
但問題是,我們現在是擔心被二噁英高度污染,所以參考越南當地的情況應該較適合。 研究人員發現,在受污染地區的媽媽體內的二噁英,比沒有受污染的地區高三至四倍 [4-5]。 研究發現,母親體內的二噁英含量越高,兒童的多方面發展越受到不利影響。 這包括:認知、語言、大小肌肉、身體協調和平衡、和讀寫能力 [5-8]。簡單來說,母親體內二噁英含量越高,兒童在以上各方面表現越差。 這個惡性影響,在跟進到八歲的小朋友身上依然見得到。 受影響的兒童以男孩為主 [6-9]。而且,有發現受影響兒童社交方面發展較弱,有自閉症譜系障礙的徵狀 [10]。
男孩子比較受母體二噁英的影響,又引伸到二噁英引致內分泌異常的問題。 胎兒會因為母親體內二噁英而影響到睪丸激素(testosterone)的分泌 [11-12],而此激素的異常會影響胎兒腦部成長 (詳情太複雜,不詳述)。 二噁英亦會影響幼童的甲狀腺功能 [13]。
除了以上,還有兩點我覺得需要留意。 第一, 越南被橙劑 (Agent Orange) 毒害已經是多年前的事,但受污地區的婦女體內二噁英含量依然高。 亦有研究發現當年因為911事件世界貿易中心倒塌時釋出的二噁英污染物,經過十幾年後,當時在附近的兒童,體內二噁英含量依然比一般人明顯地高 [14]。 由此可見二噁英的毒害是可以影響深遠。
第二,絕大部分關於母嬰的研究,研究人員都是測量母乳內的二噁英含量做數據。這是因為二噁英是脂溶性的 (lipophilic),在母乳的含量和身體積存的份量相約,而母乳是容易最獲得的樣本。 這亦表示,嬰孩會經由母乳繼續攝取二噁英。 世界衛生組織 (WHO)基於研究發現產前二噁英經胎盤對胎兒影響比產後經由母乳吸收影響為大,而且母乳有非常多的其他好處 (詳情請參考衛生署網頁)。 由於母乳餵哺的好處多於壞處,所以繼續建議母乳餵哺[15]。 但我認為婦女需要知道母乳含有二噁英這個事實,然後作決定 (informed choice)。
至於關於二噁英與胎兒先天性異常 (congenital abnormality) 和幼童/青少年的影響,我之後有時間/心機讀完書先再分享。
#香港人
#要平安
#記得去投票
1. Hui LL, Lam HS, Lau EY, NElson EA, Wong TW, Fielding R. Prenatal exposure to dioxins and subsequent neurocognitive and developmental function in Hong Kong Chinese children. Hong Kong Med J 2019 Feb;25 Suppl 3(1):35-39.
2. Koopman-Esseboom C, Weiglas-Kuperus N, Ridder MAJ, eat al. Effects of polychlorinated biphenyl/dioxin exposure and feeding type on infants’ mental and psychomotor development. Paediatrics 1996;97:700-6
3. Nakajima S, Saijo Y, Kate S, eat al. Effects of prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and dioxins on mental and motor development in Japanese child raven at 6 months of age. Environ Health jPerspect 2006;114:773-8
4. Tai PT, Nishijo M, Anh NT, Maruzeni S, Nakagawa H, Van Luong H, Anh TH, Honda R, Kido T, Nishijo H. Dioxin exposure in breast milk and infant neurodevelopment in Vietnam. Occup Environ Med. 2013 Sep;70(9):656-62.
5. Tai PT, Nishijo M, Kido T, et al. DIoxin concentrations in breast milk of Vietnamese nursing mothers: a survey four decades after the herbicides spraying. Environ Sai Technology 2011;45:6625-32.
6. Pham NT, Nishijo M, Pham TT, Tran NN, Le VQ, GTran HA, Phan HAV, Nishijo Y, NIshijo H. Perinatal dioxin exposure and neurodevelopment of 2-year-old Vietnamese children in the most contaminated area from Agent Orange in Vietnam.
7. Tran NN, Pham TT, Ozawa K, Nishijo M, Nguyen AT, Tran TQ, Hoang LV, Tran AH, Phan VH, Nadia A, Nishijo Y, Nishijo H. Impacts of perinatal dioxin exposure on motor coordination and higher cognitive development in Vietnamese preschool children: a five-year follow-up. PLoS One 2016 Jan 29;11(1):e0147655.
8. Pham The T, Pham Ngoc T, Hoang Van T, Nishijo M, Tran Ngoc N, Viu Thi H, Hoang Van L, Tran Hai A, Nishijo Y, Nishijo H. Isn’t J Hyg EnvironHealth. 2019 Oct 3 pic:S1438-4639(19)30287-1.
9. Nakajima S, Saijo Y, Miyashita C, Ikeno T, Sasaki S, Kajiwara J, Kishi R. Sex-specific differences in effect of prenatal exposure to dioxin-like compounds on neurodevelopment in Japanese children: Sapporo cohort study. Environ Res 2017 Nov;159:222-231.
10. Nishijo M, Pham TT, Nguyen AT, Tran NN, Nakagawa H, Hoang LV, Tran AH, Morikawa Y, Ho MD, Kido T, Nguyen MN, Nguyen HM, Nishijo H. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in breast milk increases autistic traits of 3-year-old children in Vietnam. Mol Psychiatry 2014 Nov;19(11):1220-6.
11. Anh NTP, Kido T, Honda S, Obama Y, Anh LT, Phuket HD, Vietnam NH, Manh HD, Okamoto R, Nakagawa H, Nakayama SF, Nguyen DD, Van Tung D, Van Chi V, Minh NH, Van Tran N. Androgen disruption by dioxin exposure in 5-year-old Vietnamese children: Decrease in serum testosterone level. Sci Total Environ 2018 Nov 1;640-641:466-474.
12. Araki A, Mitsui T, Miyashita C, Nakajima T, Naito H, Ito S, et al. (2014) Association between maternal exposure to di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and reproductive hormone levels in fetal blood: The Hokkaido study on environment and children’s health. PLOS ONE 9:e109039 10.1371/journal.pone.0109039
13. Baccarelli A, Giacomini SM, Corbetta C, Texas al. NEonatal thyroid function in sevens o 25 years after maternal exposure to dioxin. PLoS Med 2008;5:1133-42.
14. Kahn LG, Han X, Koshy TT, Shan Y, Chu DB, Kennan K, Transande L. Adolescents exposure to the World Trade Centre collapse have elevated serum dioxin and furan concentrations more than 12 years later. Environ Int 2018 Feb;111:268-278.
15. Van den Berg M, Kypke K, Kota A, Tritscher A, Lee SY, Magulova K, Fiedler H, Malisch R. WHO/UNEP global surveys of PCDDs, PCDFs, PCBs and DDTs in human milk and benefit-risk evaluation of breastfeeding. ARCH Toxicol 2017 jan;91(1):83-96
child development evaluation 在 無境文化-精神分析系列 Facebook 的最佳貼文
👉2018高雄精神分析讀書會 開始報名
主題:母親,父親,以及他們的所有一切
All about Mothers, All about Fathers
【課程內容】
一. 01/27愛在時光隧道光合作用/講師:莊慧姿
電影:《鋼鐵英雄》
文本:D. W. Winnicott (1963) The Development of the
Capacity for Concern."
*二月休假
二. 03/24是誰的戰爭?如果移情如同戰爭/講師:蔡榮裕
文本:《勇氣媽媽》
三. 04/28家庭的現在進行式/講師:王盈彬
文本:《給媽媽的貼心書:孩子、家庭和外面的世界》
電影:1. 《寶貝老闆》 2.《尖叫旅社 2》
四. 05/26當妄想出現 — 重新呼喚對母親的未完成的愛/講師:林俐伶
文本:1. Kohut, H. (1962) Acting-Out Differentiated From Action Under the Dominance of the Ego. In The Kohut Seminars (pp. 260-278)
2. Winnicott, D. W. (1951) Transitional objects and transitional phenomena. In Playing and Reality (pp. 1-25).
電影:《充氣娃娃之戀》
五. 06/23在幻想中遇見現實/講師:許宗蔚
文本:《哈利波特》系列小說
電影:《哈利波特》系列電影
*七月休假
六. 08/25母女之間的「情人」/講師:楊明敏
文本:1. 《情人》
2. Klockars, L., Sirola, R. (2001). The Mother-Daughter Love Affair Across the Generations.Psychoanal. St. Child, 56:219-237.
電影:《情人》
七. 09/29為何我沒埋在這裏?/講師:林建國
文本:Musiał, M. (2016). The Story of Ida: Salvation Not Mourning. Int. J. Psycho-Anal., 97(2):511-520.
電影:《依達的抉擇》
八. 10/27從孩子的視角,看父親…/講師:李俊毅
文本:1. 《噢!父親》(作者:卡夫卡)
2. 〈一位隱形人的畫像〉
九. 11/24在與不在的父親/講師:周仁宇
文本:Mary Target and Peter Fonagy (2001). Fathers in modern psychoanalysis and in society: the role of the father and child development. In J. Trowell and A. Etchegoyen (eds.) The Importance of Fathers: A Psychoanalytic Re-evaluation. London: Routledge.
電影:《我的意外爸爸》
十. 12/08被出賣的小孩/講師:葉怡寧
文本:《白夜行》(作者:東野圭吾)
電影:1.《白夜行》2.《神隱少女》
【招生對象】對文學、小說、電影、人性探究、精神分析有興趣者
📚詳情:http://www.utopie.url.tw/
child development evaluation 在 POPA Channel Youtube 的最佳貼文
現今小朋友的起跑線,愈推愈前。雖然政府並無官方的統計數字,但粗略估算,香港至少有六、七百家早期教育中心,為0-3歲、尚未入讀幼稚園的小朋友提供各類興趣班以及playgroup課程,市場可謂非常龐大。
然而,在各大育兒討論區,卻經常都有家長問道:「孩子是否愈早上Playgroup愈好?」、「playgroup其實有沒有用?」
參考資料
Ames, L. Ilg, F. and Haber, C. (1979), Your One-Year-Old: The Fun-Loving, Fussy 12-to 24-month-old, McGraw-Hill.
Heckman, J. et al.(2010) “Enhancements in Noncognitive Capacities Explain Most of the effects of the Perry Preschool Program”, January 2010.
Currie, J.; Thomas, D. (1995). "Does Head Start Make A Difference?" American Economic Review 85 (3): 341.
Datta, L. (1976). "The impact of the Westinghouse/Ohio evaluation on the development of project Head Start: An examination of the immediate and longer-term effects and how they came about", The Evaluation of Social Programs: 129–181.
Lee, V. E. et al. (1990) "Are Head Start Effects Sustained? A Longitudinal Follow-up Comparison of Disadvantaged Children Attending Head Start, No Preschool, and Other Preschool Programs" Child Development 61 (2): 495–507
Medina, J. (2010) Brain rules: How to raise a smart and happy child from zero to five. Pear Press.
Tough, P. (2012) How children succeed: grit, curiosity and the hidden power of character. McCormick & Williams.
child development evaluation 在 一二三渡辺 Youtube 的精選貼文
Kansai International Airport
Kansai International Airport (Kansai International Airport) is southwest 38 of Osaka City fountain state offing 5 in the km, the southern part of Osaka Prefecture, and the Osaka bay 1 that is a real second seadrome in Japan in the first kind airport built in an artificial island of the km. It is), Kansai airport or the alias is fountain state ..Kansai International Airport (.. airport 2(). It is one of the Kansai 3 airports and it functions as an international base airport in 3 and Kansai. A parallel going side by side glide slope for two openings is possessed, and one is an outline that is the longest 4000m glide slope in Japan.
Satellite photograph of Osaka bay. A lower artificial island is a satellite photograph of the Kansai International Airport Osaka bay. A lower artificial island is each airport in each airport Waoosacawan region in the Kansai International Airport Waoosacawan region.
The airport address name is Sennan City fountain state airport south in Izumisano City fountain state airport the north and Sen'nan-gun Tajiri-cho fountain state airport. It is an international airport that floats on an artificial island in the sea of 5km in fountain state offing.
At first, it was called, "New Kansai International Airport" and "Fountain state airport" in Kansai for a certain period of time after it had decided it to the name "Kansai International Airport" though there was a name idea "Kinki central international airport", too (It called for the use of "Fountain state airport" by an administrative initiation to be established of the name of "Fountain state airport" in Izumisano City and Kaizuka City, etc. in local). It is often called, "Kansai International Airport" of abbreviation in Kansai, and the person related to the airport and the person related to the travel industry also include the person who calls, "Kiccs" from airport code "KIX" of Kansai International Airport now. A port is opened on September 4, 1994. 24 hour of the air cargo operation began for the first time with the traveler in the airport in Japan (In 24 hour only of the air cargo operation, the new Chitose airport is the beginning).
The airport terminal building that the Renzo piano designed is peculiar shape to draw the curve of a gradual circular arc to imitate the wing. The high appraisal of the airport as the building and the function has been very received from foreign countries as the choice to the fourth place in the world in "AIRPORT of the YEAR 2006" to which equipment and the service of the airport are decided by the user's vote besides being selected to "Design and development of the airport" section of "Monuments of Millennium" presented to the business that represents the 20th century etc. (Refer to the evaluation out of # Japan for details).
Vast site Rinku Town in facilities related to the airport has extended to the airport island and the opposite bank connected directly. A corporate load is reduced in recent years, and corporate advancement is pressed, therefore at first, it is being improved though the enterprise that advances was a little.
The installation and the management of the airport are the first "International airport of Tamiitona" in the world that government specification and special company "Kansai International Airport Co., Ltd. (Kansai International Airport Co . Ltd. Britain abbreviation KIAC)" established by the investment of the country, the local government, and the private organization does.
The Airport Facilities rental that hangs to the user when the international flight
leaves is an adult 2,650 yen, and child 1,330 yen.
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