Northwest's Salmon Population May Be Running Out of Time
A Washington state report put it bluntly ( ): Because of the devastating ( ) effects of climate change and deteriorating ( ) habitats ( ), several species of salmon in the Pacific Northwest are “on the brink of ( ) extinction ( ).”
Of the 14 species of salmon and steelhead trout in Washington state that have been deemed ( ) endangered ( ) and are protected under the Endangered Species Act, 10 are lagging ( ) recovery goals, and five are considered “in crisis,” according to the 2020 State of Salmon in Watersheds report.
“Time is running out,” said the report, which is produced every other year ( ) by the Washington state Recreation and Conservation Office. “The climate is changing, rivers are warming, habitat is diminishing ( ), and the natural systems that support salmon in the Pacific Northwest need help now more than ever.”
Researchers say recovery efforts — involving state and federal agencies, Native American tribes, local conservation groups and others — have helped slow the decline of some salmon populations. The report found that two species — the Hood Canal summer chum and Snake River fall chinook — were approaching ( ) their recovery goals. It also noted that no new salmon species had been added to the endangered list since 2007.
“We are at least treading water,” said Kaleen Cottingham, director of the Washington state Recreation and Conservation Office. “We have not, however, seen the kind of progress ( ) that we had hoped for.”
With the effects of climate change expected to accelerate ( ), researchers said that more must be done to prevent further population decline and the possible extinction of some species.
Salmon play a vital ( ) role in the environment, economy and culture of the Pacific Northwest. At least 138 species depend on salmon for their food in some way. Salmon support an estimated ( ) 16,000 jobs in the fishing industry, and they are a draw ( ) for tourists.
Before the 20th century, an estimated 10 million to 16 million adult salmon and steelhead trout returned annually to the Columbia River system. The current return of wild fish is 2% of that.
One of the largest factors inhibiting salmon recovery is habitat loss. A growing human population has led to development along the shoreline and the addition of bulkheads, or sea walls, that encroach ( ) on beaches where salmon generally find insects and other food. More pavement ( ) and hard surfaces have contributed to an increase in toxic stormwater runoff ( ) that pollutes Puget Sound.
美國西北部鮭魚 陷瀕臨絕種危機
華盛頓州一篇報告直截了當指出,由於氣候變遷跟棲地劣化的毀滅性影響, 美國西北部有數種鮭魚「瀕臨滅絕」。
根據《2020年水域內鮭魚狀況報告》,華盛頓州有14種鮭魚和虹鱒被認定為瀕危物種,並受到《瀕危物種法》保護,其中10種復育進度未能達標,有5種更被認定「處於危機之中」。
這份由華盛頓州休閒與保育辦公室兩年發表一次的報告說:「時間不多了。氣候正在改變,河流水溫正在升高,棲地正在減少,供養美國西北部鮭魚生存的自然系統,如今比以往任何時候都更需要幫助。」
研究人員說,由州與聯邦機構、美國原住民部落、地方保育組織和其他機構共同參與的復育行動,緩和了一些鮭魚數量的減少。報告中發現胡德運河夏天的鉤吻鮭與蛇河秋天的帝王鮭兩種鮭魚,復育正接近目標。報告還指出,自2007年以來沒有新的鮭魚種列入瀕危名單。
華盛頓州休閒與保育辦公室主任Kaleen Cottingham說:「我們至少勉強穩住了情況,但我們沒有看到我們所期望的進展。」
研究人員表示,氣候變遷的影響料將加速,必須更加努力以防止鮭魚數量進一步減少和一些魚種的滅絕。
鮭魚在美國西北部環境、經濟與文化中扮演至關重要角色。在某種程度上,至少有138個物種以鮭魚為食。鮭魚為漁業提供約1萬6千個工作,並吸引大量遊客。
20世紀以前,估計每年有1000萬到1600萬成年鮭魚和虹鱒回到哥倫比亞河水系。目前返回的野生鮭魚數量只有這個數字的2%。
阻礙鮭魚復育的最大原因之一為棲地喪失,不斷成長的人口導致海岸沿線的開發,加上隔板或海堤的增加,這些侵占了鮭魚平常尋找昆蟲及其他食物的海灘。更多的鋪裝路面和堅硬的地面導致有毒雨水流量的增加,進而汙染了普吉特海灣。
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endangered species list 在 孫怡琳 Facebook 的最佳貼文
跟著怡琳看世界 32
Why sharks matter to ocean ecosystems: an expert explains
專家解釋:為什麼鯊魚對海洋生態系很重要
tactical 策略性/戰略性
astute 精明的
box office 票房
ecosystem 生態系統
phytoplankton 浮游植物
ray 鰩魚
excrete 排泄
dwell 居住
In 1975, the fictional beach town of Amity and cinema audiences the world over were terrorized by a tactically astute great white shark. While films like JAWS often do well at the box office, their legacy is to cast the planet's shark species as dangerous predators that prey on humans. This image is highly misleading , says Andy Cornish, leader of the World Wildlife Fund’s ‘Sharks: Restoring the Balance’ conservation programme.
在1975年,虛構的濱海小鎮Amity和全世界的電影觀眾,都被謀略敏銳的大白鯊嚇壞了。雖然像《大白鯊》這樣的電影,票房通常都不錯,但它們要留給觀眾的印象,是將地球上的鯊魚塑造成捕食人類的危險掠食者。不過這樣的形象有高度誤導性,世界自然基金會全球鯊魚項目總策劃Andy Cornish說。
Sharks evolved more than 400 million years ago and continue to thrive. These ancient creatures have outlived the dinosaurs and play a key role in maintaining marine ecosystems. Human activity poses a much greater danger to sharks than they do to us, and it is pushing more species towards the endangered list - or extinction.
鯊魚在4億多年前進化並持續繁衍壯大。這些古老生物活得比恐龍更久,在維持海洋生態系統方面發揮著關鍵作用。人類活動對鯊魚的威脅比牠們對我們還大,並且人類活動在將更多物種推向瀕危名單-或是滅絕。
Around 507 species of sharks are recorded, and only 11 of those are known to have ever caused human fatalities – less than 2% of the total. Even when fatalities do happen, generally it’s a case of mistaken identity. Sharks very rarely eat their human prey, instead they typically swim away.
根據紀錄,世界上大約有507種鯊魚,其中已知只有11種導致人類死亡-不到總數的2%。即使真的發生了死亡事故,通常也是誤認身分的情況。鯊魚很少獵捕人類吃,反而牠們通常會游走。
“The ocean’s upper surface receives the most sunlight, which enables phytoplankton – the engines of marine ecosystems – to thrive, but these shallow waters are nutrient poor,” says Cornish. “When sharks, rays and marine mammals like whales dive to feed on animals in deeper waters, they return carrying essential nutrients, which they excrete and help make shallower waters more productive.” With 500 plus species, sharks don’t just dwell in the ocean, they help shape it.
「海洋的上層表面接收到最多陽光,使得浮游植物-也就是海洋生態系統的引擎-能夠成長茁壯,但這些淺水區營養匱乏,」Andy Cornish說。 「當鯊魚、鰩魚和海洋哺乳類動物如鯨魚,潛入更深的水域捕食動物時,牠們會攜帶必要的營養物質返回,把營養物質排泄出來,幫助較淺的水域更有生產力。」鯊魚有500多種物種,牠們不僅生活在海洋中,還幫忙塑造海洋。
資料來源
https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/07/sharks-overfishing-ocean-ecosystems-endangered?utm_source=ig&utm_medium=social_video&utm_campaign=social_video_2021&utm_content=22983_IGTV_sharks_vital_ocean_health
endangered species list 在 IELTS Nguyễn Huyền Facebook 的精選貼文
TỪ VỰNG IELTS - ANIMALS
▪️endangered animals: động vật có nguy cơ tuyệt chủng
▪️the endangered species list: danh sách các loài có nguy cơ tuyệt chủng
▪️zoos or wildlife parks: sở thú hay công viên động vật hoang dã
▪️to be kept in zoos: bị nhốt trong sở thú
▪️the food chain: chuỗi thức ăn
▪️to be in danger of extinction: có nguy cơ tuyệt chủng
▪️natural habitats: môi trường sống tự nhiên
▪️animal testing: thử nghiệm trên động vật
▪️to test the safety of new drugs: để kiểm tra sự an toàn của các loại thuốc mới
▪️play an essential role in…: đóng 1 vai trò thiết yếu trong…
▪️medical breakthroughs using animal testing: các đột phá y học sử dụng thử nghiệm động vật
▪️suffer from stress, pain or even death: chịu đựng sự căng thẳng, đau đớn hay thậm chí là cái chết
▪️a complete ban on…: một lệnh cấm toàn diện lên…
▪️promote animal rights: bảo vệ quyền động vật
▪️save endangered species: bảo vệ động vật có nguy cơ tuyệt chủng
▪️to be treated with respect: được đối xử với sự tôn trọng
▪️support breeding programmes: ủng hộ các chương trình nhân giống
▪️sustained conservation efforts: những nỗ lực bảo tồn bền vững
raise more money for conservation: quyên góp tiền cho sự bảo tồn (động vật)
▪️a stable ecological balance: 1 sự cân bằng sinh thái ổn định
▪️the mistreatment of animals: sự đối xử bất công với động vật
▪️illegal hunting, overfishing: săn bắt bất hợp pháp, đánh bắt cá quá mức
▪️illegal poaching and trade: săn bắn và mua bán động vật bất hợp pháp
▪️the destruction of forest habitats: sự hủy hoại môi trường rừng
▪️cause great damage to …: gây ra sự hủy hoại lớn đối với…
https://ielts-nguyenhuyen.com/tu-vung-ielts-chu-de-animals/
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