在觀賞東京奧運賽事時,裁判的定奪與給分時常牽動運動員乃至觀眾的反應。裁判在比賽賽事中扮演重要的角色,一方面是構成與推進競賽的重要成員之一,另一方面也象徵著掌控比賽規則秩序的審判者。
今天來關注這篇選自 CUP 媒體 的有趣報導。文中探究英語系國家裁判專有名詞眾多的原因。許多現代體育項目來英語系國家;其衍生對於裁判的不同英文稱呼方式,則反映出在不同類型、不同性質的比賽中,裁判的存在與功能,其意涵可能不盡相同。
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文化網站 Atlas Obscura 指出,在不少國家,體育裁判的叫法其實很統一,例如日語的「審判」(しんぱん),又或者法文的 arbitre。在中文世界中,球類賽事如足球、籃球,通常會叫做「球證」,非球類比賽如體操和田徑,或會叫作「裁判」或「評判」。而在英語系國家,這一類體育裁判的專有名詞卻千變萬化,明明同是球類,籃球球證便稱為「Referee」,棒球就名為「Umpire」,而欖球除了有 Referee,還有「Judges」。
英文中,裁判最廣泛的稱謂是「Officials」。裁判的歷史與體育歷史一樣長久,首屆古代奧林匹克奧運於公元前 776 年展開,當時的體育比賽已經有十人組成的裁判團,通稱為 hellanodicae。當時,裁判乃從不同地方挑選出來,他們地位尊貴、備受敬仰。後來,人類發展出愈來愈多體育項目,雖然依然貫徹一些裁判原則,例如主持比賽要中立,但各項目的裁判人數、配置和角色變得愈來愈不同。
...
英文各種裁判叫法都源遠流長,例如棒球和板球的 Umpire,據說源自拉丁文的 non-par,意思是「不平等」(not equal)。所謂不平等可以有兩重含意,首先是指裁判的地位超然於運動員,由古希臘到今天現代賽事,裁判依然享有最終決定權;另一種講法認為裁判是「打破僵局的人」(tiebreaker),他們要確保一場賽事能夠分出優劣。在中古英語,non-par 就演變成 Noumpere,繼而再成為今天的 Umpire。
(引用自https://www.cup.com.hk/2021/08/04/words-for-sports-officials/)
「officials意思」的推薦目錄:
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- 關於officials意思 在 護台胖犬 劉仕傑 Facebook 的精選貼文
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officials意思 在 護台胖犬 劉仕傑 Facebook 的精選貼文
新聞下標真的是一門學問。
看看這些標題,請問大家:
白宮承認的「錯誤」,是指「推文放上台灣國旗」?還是指「刪除台灣國旗推文」?
看聯合報,感覺是前者。
看自由時報,感覺是後者,標題讀起來是小編不小心誤刪台灣國旗推文。
中央社標題有點踩在兩者之間。
答案是什麼?
可以看白宮新聞稿原文。
https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/press-briefings/2021/07/08/press-briefing-by-press-secretary-jen-psaki-july-8-2021/?fbclid=IwAR0uRafGhnU5salqhuEO3w6E4ZvhNrA14JUfYgDHo3Z51qIsPN0VoQhUh80
答案很清楚。
白宮發言人說的是,當時一開始放上台灣國旗是個無心之過(honest mistake),後來發現了錯誤,就把推文刪掉了。
意思是,白宮的政策,「不應該」放上台灣的國旗。
以這三家媒體來看,聯合報的標題最符合白宮原意。
但如果不看標題,其實點進去看文章,三家都有把白宮發言人的話寫出來(但完整程度不一)。
台灣的媒體編輯下標時真的是各顯神通,建議大家還是要盡量看原文。
原文在此:
Q Thank you. There are hurt feelings among government officials in Taipei after the White House COVID team posted and then deleted a tweet that had an image of Taiwan’s flag along those of other nations getting vaccine doses from the United States. Was this tweet a mistake in the first place? And if not, then why was the tweet deleted?
MS. PSAKI: So, this was an honest mistake that was made by the team handling graphics and social media, and should not in any way be viewed as a shift in official U.S. policy. When we recognized the mistake, we removed the tweet. So we did exactly as you said.
We remain committed to our One-China Policy based on the Taiwan Relations Act, the three joint communiqués, and the six assurances.
officials意思 在 貓的成長美股異想世界 Facebook 的最佳貼文
🌻另一個Zoom會議(第二次貼......有補上一些內容)
繼上次的年報導讀會議後, 讓我們再做另一個會議! 這次很榮幸邀請到一位對估值很有見解的股友前輩來帶大家了解估值(恩, 這次我會是主持人, 不是主講人).
主題: 估值(valuation)分享會(Cat: 這不算基礎的估值會議)
主講人: 小揚(from安泰價值投資)
https://www.facebook.com/antaiinvestment (此為小揚的粉絲頁)
參與者: 具基本估值能力. 若打算參加者, 請事先跟我(請私訊)提出一個關於估值的case study, 到時候可在會議中分享(最好是以投影片形式呈現, 這樣到時候好跟大家分享). 若有估值的問題, 也可以提出.
Case study可以是美股, 也可以是台股.
時間: 台灣時間07/10 (周六)晚間9點.
預計一個小時(不會像上次那樣冗長了😅): 前30分鐘由小揚做分享, 後30分鐘大家分享估值案例&提問
進行方式: 以Zoom進行(之後會私訊會議資訊給參與者)
🌻Morgan Stanley Mid-year Investor Outlook: A tricky transition
https://www.morganstanley.com/ideas/midyear-2021-global-markets-outlook
🌻在您投資生涯中, 有沒有一些觀念讓您受用很多?
下面這位投資名人的好觀念影響我很深. 他的意思是, 一般投資人, 只要能説出三個買一家公司的理由, 就很夠了. 這也迫使我, 每次在買股票時, 問自己對這家公司的了解有多少. 也會去衡量公司的優點與缺點在哪裡.
"It is vital (重要的) that you know what you own, that if I asked you on the street why you like a certain stock, you can give me three reasons. If you don't know how they make their money, who their key clients are and what they make if, then I will tell you that you are over your head and should not own individual stocks."
全文在此:
Jim Cramer: In Times Like This, Go for the Easy Money
Look at the stocks you own. Can you tell me why you've got them? If you can't answer the following three questions, then have a look at several I like right now.
We've endured the meme stock craziness, with all of its love for heavily shorted stocks. We have watched the collapse of bitcoin to levels viewed as shocking, even if they are still more than double where they were not that long ago. We've dealt with Fed officials making it clear that they are no longer on the side of the bulls or the bears. They are on the side of job growth, but are wary of inflation. We've seen the end of the rush to get vaccines, which means that millions of people are going to get the new COVID variant, because there is no natural immunity to it. We've watched as the hopes for an infrastructure bill have collapsed. We've endured shortages of everything from chips to plastic to imported goods and labor.
And we're still standing, yeah, yeah, yeah.
Yep, we are in one of those halcyon moments, where the masks are off -- even if they shouldn't be -- and Americans are back doing what they do best: consume, spend, go out to eat and then consume and spend some more.
There are times in the stock market where the collective mindset is revealed. This is one of those times: Things are cool, it's not a big moment, there's no real news for a bit, it's the historically strong period and we can reach some conclusions about where we are.
When things are like this, it is important to remember that buyers like to revert to tried-and-true companies that thrive no matter what. These are companies that have an edge and are better at what they do than other companies.
You know that I am a great believer in index funds, that the average person doesn't have the time or the inclination to research individual stocks. It's a difficult barrier. I think you need to make time to read the quarterly report and listen to the conference call, to Google articles and, if possible, get some research about the companies you own. It is vital that you know what you own, that if I asked you on the street why you like a certain stock, you can give me three reasons. If you don't know how they make their money, who their key clients are and what they make if, then I will tell you that you are over your head and should not own individual stocks. I am reminded by this, because, once again, without a mask, I can be recognized and if I am not holding "Nvidia the Second," I can carry on a conversation.
I have had many in the last two weeks and when I have asked this litany of questions, I find myself at a loss as to why almost no one knew what they owned. But they thirsted for individual stocks, because they, like me, think things are better post pandemic. No, that's not a facetious comment. Many, many stocks did better with a stay-at-home economy. A huge number.
So what do I do? I revert to what others do when you are stumped about how to stay in touch with stocks, but want to do less homework. That means buying stocks that are accessible, not stocks like Unity (U) or Snowflake (SNOW) or Twilio (TWLO) or Okta (OKTA) .
I revert to normal businesses people know and I suggest they Google some articles, peruse the conference call, but, above all, like the company's products so you can buy more if it goes down.
Here's some that I have been telling people I like:
First is Ford (F) . I think the Ford lineup is amazing. The electric F-150 series will be incredible. I am eager to get a Maverick for my family, because it is a smaller pickup that will get the job done for the myriad little things I need to do with this farm I bought from that crazy bitcoin foray. I like the competitive edge of the CEO, who says he is going to bury Elon Musk when the Lightning comes out. I even think the Bronco is cool as all get out. Most important, though? I think the chip shortage is ending. My semiconductor friends are telling me the foundries are producing more feature-rich chips and that means Ford can pump out the trucks small business people love and need. Plus, the used car prices at last have plateaued, according to their most important pricing index. Halcyon times.
Second, Costco (COST) : The samples are coming back. Tell me you don't love the samples. You need things in bulk. You want low prices. You want to get all of the things that people don't think of with Costco, like insurance, hearing-aids -- hey, they are a fortune -- jewelry, things around the house. You go and you will buy far more than you first came for. My kind of store.
The kids love this American Eagle Outfitters (AEO) , which we just bought for my charitable trust, which you can follow along by joining the Action Alerts PLUS club. Jay Schottenstein, the CEO, came on "Mad Money" recently and it's clear that his Aerie model has real staying power: 26 consecutive quarters of double digit growth. No flash in the pan, that one. Number one brand in jeans for the 15 to 25 year old group. The best in the mall. How did I know this? I see the credit card bills.
I got up this morning to do my physical therapy. I have been doing it ever since I hurt my back in February. I have this really cool pair of sneakers that fit me perfectly and I love them, but I am fortunate enough to have a vacation house and I am always taking those shoes with me.
So I went on Amazon (AMZN) this morning and lo and behold I saw them for half price. I bought two pairs. Then I went over everything I have bought in the last year and got a bunch of those things. Then I bought a pair of binoculars, because mine were stolen. I paid half price.
Yep, Amazon's universal. I was talking to Alexa, while I was ordering, getting some new music on, asking questions. I saw that despite all of the Sturm und Drang of Amazon being late with things, all the delivery dates were within range. I didn't click on any ads, and I didn't need the speed of Web Services, but the whole thing reminded me about how special the darned company is. I don't care if it's ahead or behind plan for the moment. I would just buy some more when it goes down.
Finally, Apple (AAPL) . I think people who don't own Apple should look what they are holding at this very moment. Yes, right now. Or look at what's in your lap or on the table besides your fork. And then think about the bill you paid last night without knowing it. Think about what you bought in the App store yesterday. Think about what would happen if it would break or get stolen or, left in the Uber (UBER) , or heaven forbid, be dropped into the pool or in the, yes, toilet.
There, that's what you buy in halcyon times. Stocks of companies you know that if they go lower, because things get less halcyon, you are fine with it and buy more. If things go up, believe me, you will participate.
So accept the moment. Don't try for the hard money. Go for the easy kind. That's the best kind.
https://realmoney.thestreet.com/jim-cramer/jim-cramer--15692051
Picture: 牡丹(peony)花開. 恨不得院子裡有一塊地是牡丹園.
officials意思 在 有人知道YouTube影片下面被標"OFFICIAL"是什麼意思嗎? 我 ... 的推薦與評價
問題:有人知道YouTube影片下面被標"OFFICIAL"是什麼意思嗎? 我只看過CC標是有字幕、HD標是高畫質、NEW標是新影片。那OFFICIAL標是??官方?? ... <看更多>
officials意思 在 有人知道YouTube影片下面被標"OFFICIAL"是什麼意思嗎? 我 ... 的推薦與評價
問題:有人知道YouTube影片下面被標"OFFICIAL"是什麼意思嗎? 我只看過CC標是有字幕、HD標是高畫質、NEW標是新影片。那OFFICIAL標是??官方?? ... <看更多>
officials意思 在 [請益] Formal v official - 看板Eng-Class - 批踢踢實業坊 的推薦與評價
Formal v. official
雖然我們日常用語常常有所謂的:
請參考本公司的官方網站
這是本公司的官方說法
等等的
嚴格說,「官方的」應該僅限於「官府」或者現代的「政府」才能
用這種詞,而私人公司或個人應該使用「正式的」這個詞彙。
這種狀況在英文的話,該是 Official (官方的)與 Formal (正式的)
之差別? 還是說使用英文表達時,有其他詞彙來區分這兩者? 雖說日常
生活的話,英美人士似乎也不嚴格區分這兩者。
--
※ 發信站: 批踢踢實業坊(ptt.cc), 來自: 114.24.86.148 (臺灣)
※ 文章網址: https://www.ptt.cc/bbs/Eng-Class/M.1601431312.A.115.html
如果從上面諸位熱心提供的字源分析的話,單就英文來說,
official (from office) v. formal (from form)
看起來沒有哪個比另一個更偏向「官方」的意思了,畢竟無論是辦公室還是
形式/管道,政府和私人都可以具備。
一定要強調政府官方的話,也許得用: governmental
但是無論口語和書面,印象中,英語使用者似乎沒有這樣用的?
... <看更多>